中国城镇化长期趋势研究

城镇化决定着城乡劳动力市场的供给,对社会经济有重要影响。研究提出了无农村经济联系城镇化率、基于居住地的城镇化率和基于职业的城镇化率的概念,并构建了城镇化经济动力学模型,以预测城镇化的长期趋势。研究发现：如果存在城乡收入差距,则城镇化将持续;如果城乡收入差距较大,则城镇化进程加快;如果城乡收入实现了均等化,则城镇化终止,这时所实现的城镇化就是长期的城镇化。研究使用中国、美国、日本和韩国的数据验证了这一分析。研究认为,要提高我国城镇化的速度和质量,就要对相关制度进行改革,使农业以自耕农的规模经营为主,让离开农村的城镇居民脱离与农村的经济联系。     

人力资本回报与城乡收入差距变动

使用中国收入分配课题组2013年和2018年的住户调查数据,对城乡收入差距的变动特征及其人力资本成因进行了分析。发现城镇人均收入高于农村且内部差距更小,城乡收入差距随着收入分位点的上升而下降,且低收入组两年间的城乡收入比率上升幅度较大。总体不平等指数两年变化不大,组间差距有所下降,但组内差距有所上升。由于城镇人口和收入占比较大,城镇对全国不平等指数的贡献大于农村,且两年有所增长。从总体收入函数的分解来看,城镇和教育变量是总体收入不平等的主要贡献因素,城镇变量系数随着收入分位点上升而下降。教育是城乡组间收入差距禀赋效应的主要贡献因素,总体随着收入分位点的上升其禀赋效应越大,2018年中间收入群体的教育禀赋效应是最大的,系数效应随着收入分位点的上升而下降。     

事实与规范视野下的我国腐败犯罪违法所得没收程序

2012年的《刑事诉讼法》中正式确立了违法所得没收程序,该特别程序的确立对于惩治腐败犯罪具有重大意义。基于当下中国反腐败的现实考量,在司法适用中,应当明确腐败犯罪中违法所得没收程序仅限于刑法典第八章贪污贿赂罪及其他章中明确规定依照第八章相关条文定罪处罚的重大犯罪案件;证明标准应当适当放松,建议实行举证责任倒置;积极参照《联合国反腐败公约》以及相关国家的立法,运用违法所得程序有效追回转移到境外的涉腐资产。     

违法所得没收程序的检察思考

新刑诉法中设立的违法所得没收程序,需要检察机关在工作机制、职能分工、程序设置等方面积极应对。违法所得没收程序在本质上属于刑事诉讼程序,需要适用刑事诉讼规则。在实体问题上,应当从法益性质和危害结果两个方面对其他重大犯罪案件进行限定,同时,可以采用推定的方式确定违法所得的数额。检察机关在工作中首先要确立少用慎用和客观公正的观念,其次是理顺内部的工作机制,最后,要在启动、审查、申请、出庭四个环节中既要扮演好追诉者的角色,又要扮演好法律监督者的角色。     

对建成小康社会背景下普通劳动者收入分配的经济学思考

坚持社会主义基本经济制度和分配制度,就要调整国民收入分配格局,加大再分配调节力度,坚持走共同富裕道路.经济学原理告诉我们,劳动、资本、技术、管理在参与分配的过程中同等重要,不能只强调资本、技术和管理而忽视劳动.完善社会主义分配制度,最重要的一点就是实现按劳分配和按生产要素分配的有机结合:一是要明确界定生产要素的产权关系;二是建立健全统一、开放、竞争、有序的社会主义市场体系;三是积极寻求按劳分配与按生产要素分配能够有效结合的微观基础;四是加强收入分配的政策法律调节.     

Public vs. Private in Hospital Efficiency: Exploring Determinants in a Competitive Environment

This study investigates the determinants of efficiency in an Italian regional health system and estimates the effect exerted by ownership on hospitals’ performance. To achieve this aim, the Veneto region was considered as a case study and a full dataset (2011–2012) containing nonpublicly available technical data and cost and income items was analyzed. Efficiencies are measured applying a three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA). Our results suggest that private hospitals perform better than public hospitals in productivity and cost saving, not considering the effect of other environmental and operational variables such as length of stay and beds per capita.     

How Does Globalisation Affect Regional Inequality within A Developing Country? Evidence from China

Developing countries are increasingly concerned about effects of globalisation on regional inequality. This paper develops an empirical method for decomposing the contributions of two major driving forces of globalisation, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), on regional inequality and applies it to China. Even after controlling for many other factors, globalisation is still found to be an important factor contributing to the widening regional inequality. The paper ends by investigating the role of factor market segmentations in aggravating the distributional effect of changing regional comparative advantages in the process of globalisation.     

Rising Inequality in Mexico: Household Characteristics and Regional Effects

We use an empirical framework to identify the contributions of microeconomic factors to the sharp rise in household (per capita) income inequality in Mexico between 1984 and 1994. Results indicate that changes in returns to household characteristics, in particular changes in returns to education, are responsible for about half of the increase in the Gini coefficient. The deteriorating conditions in rural areas relative to the urban areas and of the southern region relative to other regions account for another fourth of the increase in the Gini.     

中国与新加坡个人所得税制度的比较与借鉴

文章在纳税人居民与非居民身份的判定标准、税制模式、征税对象、费用扣除、税率的比较等方面对中国与新加坡个人所得税制度进行比较和分析,指出新加坡个人所得税制度的优点对我国的借鉴和启示。     

POISONED DEVELOPMENT: ASSESSING CHILDHOOD LEAD EXPOSURE AS A CAUSE OF CRIME IN A BIRTH COHORT FOLLOWED THROUGH ADOLESCENCE

The consequences of lead exposure for later crime are theoretically compelling, but direct evidence from representative, longitudinal samples is sparse. By capitalizing on an original follow‐up of more than 200 infants from the birth cohort of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods matched to their blood lead levels from around age 3 years, we provide several tests. Through the use of four waves of longitudinal data that include measures of individual development, family background, and structural inequalities in how lead becomes embodied, we assess the hypothesized link between early childhood lead poisoning and both parent‐reported delinquent behavior and official arrest in late adolescence. We also test for mediating developmental processes of impulsivity and anxiety or depression. The results from multiple analytic strategies that make different assumptions reveal a plausibly causal effect of childhood lead exposure on adolescent delinquent behavior but no direct link to arrests. The results underscore lead exposure as a trigger for poisoned development in the early life course and call for greater integration of the environment into theories of individual differences in criminal behavior.