走向有序统一：三非外国人治理研究

随着中国改革开放与经济的腾飞,三非外国人在中国日益增多。尤其是非法就业现象日益严重。从国际社会的历史经验看,外国人打黑工的现象具有不可避免性,它是工业化、市场化、城市化的必然产物。中国现阶段对外国人非法就业采取的治理措施虽取得一定的成效,但由于在体制、机制、技术等方面的诸多缺陷,导致治理成本居高不下,治理效果不尽人意。因此,有必要借鉴国际社会在经济高速发展期的治理经验与制度,不断完善中国对外国人在华就业的制度设计,使之从无序走向有序,从分散走向统一。     

公安机关侦查程序违法现状调研报告

侦查阶段程序性违法情况比起诉、审判阶段更为严重.公安机关对违反侦查程序行为的制裁,更多是将视角集中在严重侵犯他人实体权利的程序性违法行为,并以实体权利的损害作为追究法律责任的基础;而公安人员侵犯他人诉讼权利的程序性违法行为得不到应有的制裁.同时,由于侦查过程的封闭性,受侵害人在整个过程中都处于被动甚至失去人身自由的地位,很难收集到证明侦查人员程序违法的证据,也造成了实践中"违法多、举报多、查处少"的局面.     

中国参与国际制度的声誉考量——对陈寒溪之学术批评的回应

本文是对陈寒溪博士《中国如何在国际制度中谋求声誉——与王学东商榷》一文所做的回应。本文先进一步澄清国家的"声誉"与"威望"两个概念之间的根本性区别。之后,本文解释了中国在参与国际制度中的声誉考量:在结构性压力下,为了避免受到遏制,崛起中的国家具有建构良好声誉的动力,积极显示自身的意图,采取相应的行为来宽慰其他国家,从而消减被遏制的可能性。既然无政府状态决定了安全困境不可能彻底消除,那么中国之所以通过参与国际制度塑造自己的声誉,主要目的是竭力避免成为体系主导国家集团的遏制对象。最为关键的是,中国积极参与人权与安全制度的两个案例充分说明,中国既不采取制衡战略,又不是简单地追随或者跟风。本文认为,《商榷》一文的价值在于,促进了对国家声誉研究的精致化、层次化与多样化。     

Investigators and Prosecutors or, Desperately Seeking Scotland: Re-formulation of the 'Philips Principle'

Prosecution in England and Wales, traditionally private, was captured by the 'new police', creating an 'English tradition' unlike those of the rest of the United Kingdom. To overcome consequent problems, the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure recommended the 'Philips principle', whereby investigator and prosecutor were separate, but co-ordinate, on which basis the Crown Prosecution Service was set up. However, the principle was in fact compromised by the 'English tradition', most obviously by permitting continued police prosecution. Moreover, the Serious Fraud Office, set up shortly thereafter, contradicted the principle. Yet, HM Customs and Excise addressed its serious problems by applying the principle. The CPS itself encountered difficulties flowing from the compromises. Reports (Runciman, Narey, Glidewell) recommended various devices, straining the principle, until the Auld Report recognised that reformulation was necessary, along the lines adopted elsewhere in the United Kingdom, that is, by recognising that there should be investigator subordination to prosecutor.     

人体气味的证据价值及检验技术进展

人体气味是具体人的一种生物信息,皮肤腺是人体气味产生之源。由遗传基因控制的人类白细胞抗原,经由免疫系统决定人体气味的特征。遗留于犯罪现场的人体气味具有相对稳定性,是与案件事实相关联的一种物证,具有一定的证据能力。警犬鉴别是辨识人体气味的主要技术手段。电子鼻、气相色谱质谱等化学分析仪器也可用于人体气味的检测分析。利用气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)对气味进行辨识具有嗅觉学的作用。警犬鉴别人体气味的结果与仪器分析的结果相互印证是检测分析人体气味证据技术的发展方向,也是人体气味证据走上法庭的关键技术。     

铁路"五类典型案件"行为性质的探讨

“关、拔、提、摆、拆”等危及铁路行车安全的行为,因其具有发案率高,涉及面广,危害大,实践中对其对列车行车安全的危害程度的认定极为复杂、困难等特点,而被称为铁路“五类典型案件”。分析、比较外国刑法和我国现行法律的相关规定,法律体系本身的疏漏、法律规范的不明确、理论上的误读是造成实践中对“五类典型案件”危及铁路行车安全行为罪与非罪判别标准失当的重要原因。“关、拔、提、摆、拆”危及铁路行车安全的案件,如果判定其行为足以使火车发生倾覆、毁坏危险,自然应按破坏交通设施罪或破坏交通工具罪进行认定;即使没有或不足以使火车发生倾覆、毁坏危险,是否造成人身伤亡、重大财产毁损,造成线路的毁坏和危及铁路设施附近或周围地区的行人安全,造成紧急停车、中断行车等严重后果,同样是判别“关、拔、提、摆、拆”危及铁路行车安全行为罪与非罪的界限。     

记名提单无单放货的解释论

记名提单无正本提单放货现象在国际贸易中普遍存在,成为贸易欺诈的温床之一。理论界和司法实务界对我国《海商法》中关于记名提单的规定意见不一。问题的关键在于正确运用法律解释方法。采用解释现行法的立场应当以立法者的规范目的为解释目标,不应偏重比较法的解释方法。从文义解释出发,以历史上海商法立法者的规范目的为基础,结合对《汉堡规则》第1条第7款关于提单定义的正确理解,从《海商法》第71条可以推论出,记名提单下承运人须凭正本提单交付货物,这是法律规定的承运人的交货条件,同时也是承运人的合同义务。采用体系解释标准,将我国《合同法》第133条、135条关于货物交付与单证交付的效力规定与《海商法》第71条、78条、79条相结合,可以得出在我国现行法律体系下,提单(包括记名提单)具备物权凭证属性的结论。我国的记名提单法律制度适应了我国国际贸易发展的需要,不应轻言修改。     

华商网络内部信息交流机制研究

华商网络的成功，来自于其内部的信息交流与合作机制，它对于克服现实中大量存在的非正式贸易与投资壁垒起着非常重要的作用；“五缘关系”是华商网络内部信息交流机制的核心，在此基础上形成了多种交流方式与渠道，而且多种交流方式之间可以相互重合；华商网络内部区分成员的标准越松散，那么成员的信息交流与合作就变得越为困难，但如果区分成员的标准过于严格的话，又会造成华商网络规模过小，从而不利于华商之间的合作。     

Jurisdiction problems regarding Internet torts: Critical remarks

As the facts that led to the Dow Jones/Gutnick-decision of the High Court of Australia (10 December 2002) illustrate, the Internet is a powerful platform for communication. Its continuous worldwide accessibility urges discussion of a number of questions regarding tort jurisdiction. These are the starting points for some critical remarks regarding states' reciprocal claims to cross-border activities and the way in which they deal with the interests of the involved parties. For tort jurisdiction, the paper proposes and applies criteria for the assessment of the place where the harmful event has occurred or may occur (art. 5, subsection 3 Regulation 44/2001), as explained by the European Court of Justice of the European Union. Special attention is hereby given to some particularities that characterize Internet torts. On the one hand it concerns the alleged global assignment of jurisdiction that art. 5, subsection 3 may lead to and on the other hand the scope of the assigned jurisdiction in the court of the place where the damage occurs. The European approach is confronted with the principles of personal jurisdiction that are embedded in long arm statutes and the Due Process Clause, as applied in some leading American cases regarding Internet jurisdiction. It leads to suggestions regarding the development of a marginal test for the reasonableness of the jurisdiction art. 5, subsection 3 could lead to in a particular case, as well from the point of view of the weight of the connecting factor as to the scope of the jurisdiction that is based upon it.     

European national news

The regular article tracking developments at the national level in key European countries in the area of IT and communications – co-ordinated by Herbert Smith LLP and contributed to by firms across Europe. This column provides a concise alerting service of important national developments in key European countries. Part of its purpose is to compliment the Journal's feature articles and Briefing Notes by keeping readers abreast of what is currently happening “on the ground” at a national level in implementing EU level legislation and international conventions and treaties. Where an item of European National News is of particular significance, CLSR may also cover it in more detail in the current or a subsequent edition.