刑罚轻缓化视野下的中美自由刑执行措施比较

自由刑在当代各国刑罚体系中处于中心位置，刑罚轻缓化实现的关键在于自由刑的轻缓化。有效的执行措施是刑罚轻缓化实现的重要保证。中关两国在自由刑具体执行措施方面既有共性又有差异，深入理解并合理借鉴美国等发达国家的执刑措施，对促进中国刑罚轻缓化的发展具有积极意义。     

Blind validation of postmortem interval estimates using developmental rates of blow flies

This study evaluated the use of different degree day (DD) models, developmental thresholds and developmental data sources for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) based on developmental rates of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Blow fly evidence was collected from three mock crime scenes and sent for blind analysis of PMI. PMI estimates were calculated using averaging, single sine, double sine, single triangle, and double triangle models of DD calculation with minimum developmental thresholds of 0, 6 and 10 °C and Anderson's, Byrd and Allen's, Greenberg's, Nishida's and Kamal's developmental data sets. These estimates were compared with the actual PMI to determine which combination of DD model, developmental threshold and developmental data provided the most accurate estimate. For all three cases, at least one method gave a PMI estimation that was within 1 day of the actual date of death. There was no variability between PMI estimated using the five models of DD calculation. Overall, as lower developmental threshold increased, the PMI interval estimates increased. Depending on the developmental data set used, increasing the lower developmental threshold caused some overestimations of the date of oviposition, with estimates given that were prior to the actual death. Future PMI estimates should include error ranges, so that overestimation of PMI is avoided.     

社区青少年日常活动场所发展之路探究——对浙江省社区青少年日常活动场所的调查研究

近年来,青少年及家庭对社区青少年服务的需求强烈且呈现出多元化的发展趋势.现有供给能力不足是建设和发展社区青少年日常活动场所的直接动因.文章在调查研究的基础上,就青少年日常活动场所的定位、建设方式、机制等作了较深入地探讨.     

国外青少年社区矫正制度之启示

社区矫正是一项受到政府和学术界普遍认同的非监禁执行活动。本文作者结合一些发达国家的做法和经验,对完善我国青少年社区矫正制度进行了初步的探讨。     

论引入恢复性司法的合理性——以加强被害人保护为视角

司法过程不可以仅仅依据法条进行演绎三段论推理就可以实现，在对法条进行适用时，必须考虑法条背后蕴涵的法律原则和法律目的。法律规定作为利益冲突的一种协调和妥协方式，它以实现利益和价值的最大化以及共盈作为其根本原则和设立目的。恢复性司法是灵活平衡被告人和被害人双方利益以实现刑罚目的的一种有效手段。     

关于死刑案件证明标准的思考

我国死刑案件证明标准目前采用和普通刑事案件相同的证明标准,这不利于被告人的生命和自由的保障。应在定罪程序和量刑程序实现分离的基础上,对量刑阶段的证明标准加以提高。同时应分清留有余地判处死缓案件与疑案的情况,并采取不同的处理方式,证明标准的适用需要死刑程序加以保障。     

Recent Trends in Sentencing Policies in the Netherlands

This article considers sentencing in the Netherlands and in particular the changes that have been introduced since the 1980s, both in the adult and in the juvenile justice system. Several questions will be treated in the article. Sentencing in the Netherlands in the last two decades is analysed and some explanations for the changing trends are presented. Results indicate that the Netherlands is following a general pattern, prevalent in Europe and the US, of more punitive and repressive punishment. Also, the extent to which new sentencing options, such as community sanctions have made a difference to the upward trend in imprisonment, will be analysed. In an effort to reduce the costs of the system new policies are being developed, introducing both 'front door' and 'back door' varieties in sentencing. These will lead to some important and radical changes in the criminal justice system.     

An economic analysis of the post World War II decline in the Japanese crime rate

Since the end of World War II there has been a dramatic decrease in reported Japanese crime. Adult arrest rates have fallen steadily since the early 1950s and juvenile arrest rates have fallen since the early 1960s. An economic analysis of crime predicts that crime rates depend upon returns to crime relative to returns in legal pursuits and the certainty and severity of punishment. Regression analysis is used to test this theory using Japanese data. The empirical results indicate that the economic model does not outperform alternative naive models. However, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in returns to legitimate work diminish both adult and juvenile crime. Unemployment affects some adult crimes but has little impact on juvenile crime. The share of the population in poverty has no significant impact on either type of crime. Increases in the certainty of punishment deters adult crime but there is little evidence that increases in either the certainty or the severity of punishment deter juvenile crime. There is weak evidence to support the hypothesis that increases in the severity of adult punishments deter crime.     

刑事政策视野中我国自由刑的改革

教育、改善犯罪人，是现代刑事政策赋予自由刑的中心使命。自由刑在完成该使命方面存在局限，主要表现为：报应要求与矫正目的的冲突；矫正受到刑种及刑期的制约和限制；监狱也是一所犯罪学校；矫正目的的实现受国家财政投入的限制；监狱的低效。建议根据刑事政策发展的趋势，从立法、司法、执行三方面着手改革我国自由刑。     

无直接利益冲突犯罪初探

社会转型时期，由于利益的分化，社会冲突呈现出新的特点，部分地区甚至出现了无直接利益冲突的犯罪行为，需要引起足够的重视。本文介绍了对无直接利益冲突犯罪的合理界定，分析了在中国的现实状况和表现出的特点，阐释了无直接利益冲突犯罪存在可能的原因，最後提出社会合理化的刑事立法、司法和刑事一体化的综合规制对策。