借鉴与重塑:我国农地利用权利体系构建的基本思路和框架

我国现行的农地利用制度主要是土地承包经营权制度。将土地承包经营权界定为用益物权是导致当前农地征用征收过程中农民利益严重丧失的一大重要原因。我国农地利用制度的设计基础与大多数大陆法系国家不同。大多数大陆法系国家土地物权制度设计是建立在土地私有制基础上的,而我国实行的是土地公有制,这一基础制度目前是不可动摇的。因而我们应在借鉴英美法系国家地产权制度的基础上重构我国的农地利用制度。农地持有权作为一种独立的权利形态,应该替代土地承包经营权成为我们的现实选择。     

中央与地方政府关于土地政策的博弈分析

在现行土地政策博弈中,由于地方政府处于信息优势和操作优势地位,使得中央的土地政策往往难以发挥保护耕地和农民利益的功能,形成一种管制和征地的恶性循环。因此必须着力提供保护农民土地权益的制度性政策,包括建立让地权所有者直接参与市场交易的机制、消除地方政府“土地财政”激励、修改土地相关法律等。     

试论我国农村土地纠纷的现状及解决机制

农村因土地征收、耕地转包引发的纠纷,不仅影响到农村的社会稳定,而且已成为乡村治理的一大难题。针对错综复杂的农村土地纠纷,必须构建可行的纠纷解决机制,具体的对策就是在完善诉讼与调解制度的基础上,让诉讼与调解形成一种良性互动的关系,这是解决当前乡村社会治理难题的一个有效途径。     

论我国农村土地征用制度

随着经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,建设用地的需求量增加,基于“公共利益”的目的,大量农村集体土地将被征为国有。由于相关法律缺失,实际操作中轻法律规范重规章政策,再加上利益的驱使以及其它一些因素的影响,在征用过程中存在许多问题。土地问题关系农民切身利益,是“三农问题”的核心,土地征收过程中所存在的问题应该得到高度重视,本文将探索相关解决途径。     

关于农村集体建设用地直接入市问题的思考

农村集体建设用地直接入市有深刻的利益动因。在实践中已经形成了一些基本的农村集体建设用地直接入市的方式,也形成以试点地区为代表的典型模式。当然,农村集体建设用地直接入市还存在着很多问题。然而,针对这些问题可以发现一些进一步创新的方向。     

和谐社会建设中的农民土地权益保护

我国《物权法》规定的农村土地集体所有制度、集体土地所有权行使制度以及征地补偿制度,对农民土地权益保护存在不足。保护农民土地权益是解决“三农”问题、构建农村和谐社会的必要途径之一。明晰农民的土地权益,完善农民通过农民集体行使集体土地所有权的方式,保障征地过程中失地农民的应有权益,完善农民土地权益被侵犯时的救济途径是本文研究的重点内容。     

论家庭承包经营制度的“三个转变”

我国农村土地经营制度的改革历程,经历了三个根本性的转变:一是从"家庭联产承包责任制"到"家庭承包经营制度"的转变;二是从债权型的家庭承包经营到物权化的家庭承包经营的转变;三是土地经营从短期承包到长期使用的转变.这三个转变确立了农民在市场经济条件下实行家庭承包经营的主体地位,赋予了农民长期而有保障的土地使用权.     

村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿的困境与出路—以人权保障为视角

人权的核心理念在于维护人之为人的尊严,自由与平等的和谐统一是和谐人权的本质特征与必然要求。“农嫁女”征地补偿歧视与村民自治的矛盾是村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿困境的主要表现,这种困境的实质在于自由与平等价值的背离。村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿保障的出路,应以和谐人权为其宪政依据,只有通过对和谐人权意识的培养才能逐步建立完善村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿保障的相关制度。     

Whiteness and shades of grey: erasure,amnesia and the ethnography of Zimbabwe's whites

A growing number of scholarly studies have been published about Zimbabwe's white population, especially since the highly publicised state-driven land takeovers which began in 2000. Much as these studies have produced useful insights into the histories, attitudes, experiences and lives of white Zimbabweans, aspects of these representations also raise important questions and concerns. Looking critically, particularly at recent ethnographic works on white Zimbabweans by anthropologists, this review essay discusses some of the social and historical amnesia and certain erasures apparent in these works. These have often produced homogenised and essentialised, or unfair, representations of white Zimbabweans. This essay suggests that an uncritical use and perpetuation of certain myths and discourses that have powerfully come to the fore in the political, social and economic crisis of the last 15 years has led to the problems evident with these ethnographies.     

Land tenure regimes and state structure in rural Africa: implications for forms of resistance to large-scale land acquisitions by outsiders

This paper argues for seeing African land tenure regimes as institutional configurations that have been defined and redefined as part of state-building projects. Land regimes have built state authority in the rural areas, fixed populations in rural territories, and organised rural society into political collectivities subject to central control. Land tenure regimes can be understood as varying across subnational jurisdictions (rather than as invariant across space) in ways that can be grasped in terms of a conceptual distinction between neo-customary and statist forms (rather than as infinitely diverse). Differences between the two have implications for the character of political authority in the rural areas, the nature of political identities and community structure, and the nature of property and land claims. These political effects are visible in differences in the forms of local protest and resistance to commercial land acquisitions in peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana, where a neo-customary land regime prevails, and the Kiru Valley of northern Tanzania, where land institutions are decidedly statist.