我国农村土地所有权制度的“体制性”品格

我国农村土地所有权制度中,存在一些无法利用规范研究或价值判断等传统方法进行解释、而只能在“体制性”品格寻求答案的问题,即在意识形态、政治制度、社会传统及其互动而成的历史传承与国情现状塑造下的制度特性。农村土地所有权制度的“体制性”品格,在党政政策等上层建筑和人多地少等经济基础的互动中具有现实合理性,也由于物权法的固有性和土地制度的本土性而具有理论正当性。“体制性”品格的研究,有助于从政治目标、国情现状等视角分析设计我国法律制度,可导向我国农村土地物权制度研究的纵深。     

土地所有权立法之反思：透过历史的映照

土地所有权的制度功能在于对封建土地制度的颠覆,在于重建土地权利的个人化、稳定化和自由化。即使像英国那样,不采纳所有权的制度话语,而通过虚化国家所有权和强化土地保有权即土地使用权的方式,同样可以达到确立个人所有权的效果。我国土地权利立法应该在借鉴英美法系的基础上,将使用权而不是所有权作为基础物权。     

LAND USE AND VIOLENT CRIME*

Although research has shown specific land uses to be related to crime, systematic investigation of land uses and violent crime has been less common. This study systematically examines links between land uses and violent crime and assesses whether such links are conditioned by socioeconomic disadvantage. We employ geocoded Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data from the Indianapolis police department and information on 30 categories of land use and demographic information from the 2000 U.S. Census. We use land use variables to predict violent crime counts in 1,000 × 1,000‐feet grid cells using negative binomial regression models. Results indicate that, net of other variables, specific land uses predict variation in counts for individual violent crimes and aggregate rates. Some nonresidential land uses are associated with higher violent crime counts, whereas others are associated with lower counts. Specific land uses also condition the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on violent crime. The implications for routine activity/opportunity and social disorganization/collective efficacy theories of crime are discussed.     

“汉土疆界碑”铭文解读——以法律文化的视角

清雍正三年秋,在湘鄂西容美土司与长阳县交界地区,发生了大规模的汉土田地权属之争,当事各方通过会勘、协商,最终妥善解决了争议,并在争议地带建立起两座形制内容完全相同的"汉土疆界碑",创立了通过协商机制解决区域性民族纠纷的范例。汉土疆界碑铭文典型地反映了清初改土归流前夕,渝湘鄂黔毗邻多民族混居地区民族关系的急剧变化;记录了容美末代土司田?如在与命运抗争的同时,为保一方民众的安宁,坚持理性处理民族关系的策略,为世人认识少数民族土司提供了一个真实的影象。     

土地承包经营权流转中集体组织成员优先权行使问题研究

集体组织成员享有自己的权利。土地承包经营权流转是社会发展的一种必然趋势,集体组织成员在土地承包经营权流转中享有优先权。这种优先权行使的条件、期限以及优先权竞合时的处理等问题应值得关注。     

集体土地承包经营权入股的法律困境与出路——基于重庆市巴南区集体土地产权改革的调研分析

建立土地流转新机制,推进农业产业化、规模化经营,是近年来土地产权制度改革的主要方向。在实践操作中,重庆市大胆实施以集体土地承包经营权入股的创新制度进行土地改革试验,备受关注。这一创新制度,有利于提高土地的利用价值,促进城乡统筹发展,与此同时,土地承包经营权入股存在着法律上的困境。因此,在坚持土地承包经营权入股是未来土地改革的方向和趋势的同时,应探索完善土地承包经营权入股的配套措施。     

地价与房价关系的理论与实证探讨

地价与房价的关系争论由来已久,其研究不仅是房地产市场的基础与源头,而且是推进房地产市场健康、有序与协调发展的关键。土地作为房地产不可分割的关键部分,地价与房价的关系存在依附和承载的特殊关系,不能脱离出来单独分析。在短期,对住房的需求在一定程度会促进对土地的需求,在长期,地价与房价相互作用、相互影响,但不能说完全循环相关。在全球金融危机肆虐背景下,要建立更科学合理的土地供给机制,土地出让金管理要透明化、公开化及长期化,加强房地产市场管理、优化市场供应结构,以促进房地产市场的可持续发展和我国社会和谐与稳定。     

政府主导下的集体建设用地流转:从理想回归现实

尽管现行法律严格限制了集体建设用地入市流转的可能,但不少地方政府都积极引导集体建设用地流转,并出台了大量规范性文件。地方政府从自身利益即财政收入、经济增长的最大化来决定是否允许集体建设用地流转。在一定程度上,这和农民、中央政府的目标函数相冲突;为此,应对地方政府自行出台的办法进行改进、修正,以最大程度平衡各主体的利益诉求,协调好经济增长、耕地保护、宏观调控、农民增收的相互关联。     

农村土地承包经营权抵押制度的可行性

现行法律对土地承包经营权抵押制度的规定较少,然而无论是理论上还是现实中,都应当承认土地承包经营权抵押制度的可行性。承认该制度的可行性不仅符合物权法立法的目标、物权法体系和谐的要求以及现实生活的需要,而且从解释论角度讲,该制度符合立法背景、立法目的,能够达到法律体系的合理性。     

Land Reform: Unfulfilled Obligation in Southern Africa and Beyond

ABSTRACT

Land reform remains a relevant but contentious issue in southern Africa. It nearly caused the collapse the Southern African Development Community (SADC) after its tribunal ruled against the Zimbabwe land reform programme (which resulted in the removal of white settlers from land they had occupied for decades and, in some cases, for over a century). The major challenge for southern Africa and most of the African continent is to untangle itself from the provocative and salient legacy of social, economic and psychological apartheid on its territory for almost a century without disrupting development endeavours (Chigara 2012). This article exposes the theoretical foundations influencing the powers at play that compromise most of the efforts that have been directed at trying to facilitate transitions from colonialism and its legacies to societies egalitarian. Land rights have suddenly become very important and it appears that these rights only apply to those whose ownership of land has been legitimised by colonialism. The article recommends the application of already existing legal frameworks at domestic, regional, continental and global levels to meaningfully engage land reform challenges that confront SADC and the continent of Africa as whole as a consequence of the general non-compliance to the rule of law and justice itself.