Biotic Carbon Sequestration and the Kyoto Protocol: The Construction of Global Knowledge by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This paper explores the dynamics of the production of global knowledge by an international knowledge organization, in this case the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on previous notions of international boundary organizations, the idea of international knowledge organizations emphasizes the knowledge generation function of such organizations rather than their convening function. Using the case of controversial Kyoto Protocol biotic carbon sequestration policies, I argue that boundary work and uncertainty management are the essential dynamics in the successful construction of global knowledge by international knowledge organizations. This uncertainty management occurs in a manner broadly, although not completely, in conformance with the institutional preferences of powerful policy actors. Global knowledge can legitimate and help refine global policies, but the process of its construction must be iterative and transparent if it is to be credible for global environmental governance over the long-term.     

Cognizance and Consultation of Randomized Controlled Trials among Ministerial Policy Analysts

Consultation of scientific evidence by policy actors has been the foci of attention of knowledge utilization scholars for decades. The present study questioned the extent to which randomized controlled trials (RCTs)—generally seen as the gold standard of scientific research—are known and consulted by policy analysts in ministerial settings. Using cross‐sectional data collected in 17 ministries in Québec (Canada), our study showed that fairly high levels of policy analysts report never having heard of RCTs, thus possibly hindering effective communication of scientific results to relevant policy makers. Statistical analyses reveal the importance of cognitive factors in explaining both phenomena.     

政府部门知识共享行为的实证研究

本文从政府部门的信息技术水平,政府部门个体的知识共享动机,以及政府知识共享的组织氛围等维度构建政府部门知识共享行为的理论模型。论文采用大样本问卷调查的方法在政府部门公务人员中开展实证研究,对模型的适用性进行检验。研究结果表明,政府部门的外部奖励对个体知识共享意愿之间没有相关关系,知识共享意愿与知识共享的组织氛围对于知识共享行为的影响作用非常大。研究结论可为政府部门提高公务员的知识共享行为提供有益借鉴。     

对谈:日本哲学的成立、意义与展望

前近代日本究竟有无哲学,日本哲学的合法性依据究竟何在?关于日本有无哲学的讨论意义何在?这是中日哲学研究者近年来热议的课题。本文作者认为,关于日本是否有哲学的判断基准在于如何理解"何谓哲学"的问题。无论从狭义的哲学,还是广义的哲学理解来看,日本都有哲学。概而言之,它大体包含以下3个层面的内容:其一,自古以来日本人的价值观、自然观、宇宙观、人生观等,即日本人关于自然与人的深层性思考;其二,引进西方哲学后关于西方哲学的研究成果;其三,在与西方哲学对决(对话)的过程中,日本学者独自的哲学创造。但是,在思考日本哲学问题时要注意"思想"与"哲学"的区别,以免泛哲学化。思想只是"臆见"、主观的、想当然的,但不是哲学思维;哲学必须是建立在"逻格斯(Logos)"基础之上,努力追求抵达客观性依据的学说。     

法官法律知识的本源与确证——以法官的实践理性为视角

法律作为一门独立的体系知识而与其他知识区别开来是人类社会分工及知识分化的必然结果。法律知识具有其内在价值,对于法官来说,法律知识本身就是一个自为的目的。法官的知识就是对于正义等理念的沉思。法官必须具有将抽象的法律规范同特殊的个案事件联系起来的司法技巧与方法。法官必须要精通法学领域内的相关法律、法规的理论修养。法官的司法实践必须以法律知识为前提。法官既是法律知识系统,同时也是司法行动系统。确认法律具有普遍的适用性,法官应该理性地思考,在现代法律规范中,所有的规定都应该与人类理性的基本价值、人类行为的实践合理性等基本要求相一致。确认法律必须体现自治的原则。法官要力求达到掌握最完全的法律知识,力求达到最高层次的法的确定性追求。     

社会主义法治理念：一种知识形态的考察

亚里士多德把人类的知识划分成三种类型：理论知识、实用知识、制造知识。三者对应于后来所说的纯粹理性、实践理性、技艺。按照这样的知识分类,社会主义法治理念既具有实践理性的属性,也具有技艺的属性,但是,它在通常情况下,并不具有纯粹理性的属性。社会主义法治理念的这种知识属性,有助于辨析当代中国法律人的社会角色及其类型。     

波兰尼与波普尔认识论思想之比较

科学的发展使得纯粹认识论的研究范式发生了改变,认知科学将传统的认识论研究日益推向技术化的向度。在研究论域上,波兰尼的默会认识论与波普尔的进化认识论都有其鲜明的特色和丰富的内容。二者的认识论都是20世纪物理学革命的产物,在哲学研究范式发生转向的背景下,他们的认识论对传统认识论的消解的同时,怀着深切的人文情怀,建构起新的科学认识论;在认识论模式的具体建构和话语表达上,他们的分歧是明显的。默会认识论与进化认识论的思想价值不容忽视,但也存在着一定的认识局限。     

法理学“指导”型知识生产机制及其困难——从法理学教材出发

从知识生产机制的整体视角来看,中国法理学教材还没有走出苏式法理学的框架。苏式法理学教材的"指导"型知识生产机制基于法理学与部门法学具有不同的研究对象这一基本原理,认为法理学是部门法学的指导性学科,并由此决定了"指导"型知识生产机制的运行机制;运行机制包含正面向度和反面向度两个方面,正面向度指的是法理学针对部门法学生产"指导"型知识,反面向度指的是部门法学帮助法理学生产"指导"型知识,法律关系理论和法律行为理论分别典型地对应着这两个方面。然而,对上述理论的检讨表明,"指导"型知识生产机制在运行机制层面是无效的;进一步地,该机制在基本原理层面及其理论基础层面也是错误的,因而应当被抛弃。     

What role does gender have in shaping knowledge that underpins the practice of midwifery?

Midwifery is an ancient profession that continues to be practiced almost exclusively by women. This paper explores the role that millennia of gender exclusivity has had in shaping the knowledge that informs the profession. Prior to the Renaissance this knowledge was exclusively female, largely oral, tacit and intuitive whilst recognising childbearing as an important transformative period in a woman’s lifecycle. Male scientific enquiry in the seventeenth century into human anatomy extended to women’s bodies and childbirth and disrupted the female ways of knowing. Their positivist ontology focussing on the mechanics of childbirth created an opportunity for intervening in a normal process and receiving payment for it. The perceived structural superiority of a male obstetric ontology of childbirth has posed an existential threat to the midwifery profession. This paper concludes by discussing how 20^th century professional regulation of midwifery has encouraged midwives to use patriarchal structures and frameworks of knowledge to co-exist within the hegemonic biomedical model advocated by the majority of their obstetric colleagues.