“战争罪犯”还是“民族英雄”——以日本战后恢复对军人和战犯的抚恤政策为视角

对军人军属进行抚恤是日本军国主义战争动员的重要内容,日本战败后曾经一度废除。《旧金山和约》签订后,日本政府很快恢复了对不包括战犯在内的复员军人的抚恤、救助工作。在日本遗族会等保守团体的推动和"战犯释放运动"的影响下,经过几次修改,至20世纪50年代中期,日本政府全面恢复了对包括战犯在内的军人军属抚恤工作。无论是刑死还是狱死的"战犯"均被视为因公死亡享受抚恤,战犯服刑期间仍被作为"在职期间"累积计算抚恤年金,服刑期间伤病者另可以享受"伤病抚恤",战争罪犯俨然成了日本的"民族英雄"享受优待。日本政府从立法层面恢复对战犯的抚恤,对日本社会的战争认识和战争记忆的重构产生深刻的影响,也成为此后甲级战犯被靖国神社合祀的社会意识的基础。     

情感连接与政治激化——湖北旅台同乡的地方记忆与地方认同

地方在身份认同的建构中有非常重要的作用。本文通过分析湖北旅台同乡的同乡活动、出版的地方刊物,并辅以深度访谈,探讨他们对湖北的地方记忆建构。研究发现,武昌起义、抗日战争等历史事件是旅台湖北同乡构建湖北记忆的重点内容,聚会和仪式是他们操演与维持乡俗文化的重要手段。受成长环境的影响,旅台同乡对湖北的认同呈现出代际差异,在旅台后代湖北认同式微的情况下,家庭教育以及为促进同乡发展而设立的奖学金制度,成为维系湖北认同的重要方式。伴随着台湾当局大肆“去中国化”,旅台同乡对湖北的记忆还呈现出权力对抗的特点。这些发现表明,台湾的“外省”族群依旧在自行建构原乡认同,在两岸出现认同折裂的背景下,他们是弥合差异、提升台湾民众中国认同很好的切入点。     

技艺生产与生产记忆:苗族史诗《亚鲁王》的文化记忆

文化记忆与历史记忆具有显著差异,历史记忆强调过去发生的事以及对这件事的描写,而文化记忆则与族群回忆的处境和需求相关。沿着记忆生产与生产技艺的演进轨辙,可见苗族史诗《亚鲁王》的生存文化记忆、生活文化记忆、军事文化记忆和消费文化记忆呈交织并进的态势。廓清丧葬仪式的不断重复与增补删减,发现丧葬仪式成为一种筛选模式,这种筛选模式通过代际传承成为一种族群标识,人们凭借此种标识维系族群关系,弱化生死观念,将死亡看作是一种回归。     

Officers’ memory and stress in virtual lethal force scenarios: Implications for policy and training

ABSTRACT

Sworn law enforcement officers (N?=?151) were exposed to two different simulated lethal force encounters, a motorcycle-traffic-stop (MTS) and a workplace violence incident. Workplace violence incidents (WPV) consisted of two versions: an original version (WVO) and an enhanced version (WVE) with additional tactile and auditory stimuli within the simulation environment. Officers’ recognition memory (immediate and 48?h later), perceived stress, and physiological stress responses were examined. Delayed reporting led to impaired memory for event information in the MTS and perpetrator information in the WVE simulation. Moreover, perpetrator information was remembered more accurately than event information. Two physiological stress markers – alpha amylase and immunoglobulin-a – were correlated with memory for the simulated experiences; however, cortisol and interleukin-6 were not. These findings support current theory related to arousal and memory suggesting that officers should be interviewed as soon as reasonably possible after a lethal force incident. Implications for legal parameters in defining a ‘reasonable officer’ exerting lethal force are considered.     

Between Chaos and Diversity: Is Social Memory Studies a Field?

Is (or are) memory studies, social or otherwise, a field? If so, does anything hold it together beyond the mere use of the phrase “collective memory”? Memory studies is simultaneously still in its charismatic phase, though it no longer has a right to be, as well as highly resistant to efforts to escape from it, though it clearly needs to do so. To be a field, it needs a memory of its own.     

Other people's memory

Abstract

How optimistic are people's evaluations of their own memory as compared to that of most others? To find out, we asked 563 Sa. to compere their own memory for events, faces and names to that of others. The results show that many, and especially young respondents, tend to be illusory optimistic about the power of their memory for events and faces, but not for names. The implications of this result for evaluating eyewitness reports by tries of fact in legal cases are discussed.     

Interrogation techniques and memory distrust

Abstract

Guideline judgements in English sentencing have been subjected to little scrutiny by non-lawyers. In this paper, the writers examine one guideline judgement, R v. Oliver and Others, which concerns the sentencing of offences involving indecent photographs and pseudo-photographs of children. Ten post-Oliver cases where a sentence was appealed are analysed and the results reported. The writers find the guideline's internal logic wanting, with shortcomings reflected in the patchy and non-obvious inferences made in appellate judgements of cases of the kind covered in Oliver. The writers propose flowcharting as a heuristic device in the development of guideline judgements, and possibly as a form of representation of judgements parallel to text-based formulations.     

The stability and generalizability of young children's suggestibility over a 44-month interval

Abstract

We discuss a 44-month longitudinal study of the stability of the two-factor Norwegian Book Suggestibility Scale for Children (BSSC; Melinder, Scullin, Gunner?d, & Nyborg, 2005) in a sample of 7-year-old children (M _{Time 2 age}=94 months). Several measures of suggestibility were assessed: yielding to suggestive questions (Yield), shifting answers in response to negative feedback (Shift), the sum of Yield and Shift (Total Suggestibility), and suggestibility in response to open-ended and misleading direct and tag questions about an event experienced 44 months earlier. Results showed a moderate correlation for Total Suggestibility scores over time in spite of marked declines in Yield and Shift. Both Yield and Total Suggestibility were related to children's tendency to respond affirmatively to misleading tag questions about the past event. The two-factor model of suggestibility showed some weakening over time with a positive correlation developing between Yield and Shift.     

Recognition of previous eyewitness testimony from an altered interrogation protocol: Potential effects of distortions

Abstract

The effect of protocol presentation on witnesses’ tendency to point out errors in a transcribed version of their verbal testimony was examined in two experiments. Participants were shown a film depicting a robbery and were subsequently questioned. In the process of typing out the testimony, there were six distortions entered into the protocol. When participants were asked to check the content for approval, they either listened to the experimenter reading the protocol out aloud, or read it on their own. The results showed that witnesses who had listened to the content being read to them pointed out significantly fewer distortions, and suggest that protocol presentation may have important implications for the justice system.