仙茅苷对电刺激应激小鼠神经精神活动的影响

目的 探讨仙茅苷对电刺激应激小鼠记忆、抑郁、焦虑样行为的影响。方法 采用电刺激前和电刺激后两个时间点给药,通过恐惧记忆测试、强迫游泳及旷场实验,观察仙茅苷（每日20 mg/kg,腹腔注射,7 d）对电刺激应激小鼠恐惧记忆、抑郁及焦虑等神经活动的影响。结果 与对照组小鼠比较,电刺激前给药不影响小鼠在受到电击24 h及48 h后的凝滞时间;而电刺激后给药的小鼠在给药结束后再次测得的凝滞时间较对照组显著提高（P<0.05）。在电刺激后给药的实验中,仙茅苷能显著缩短小鼠不动时间（P<0.05）;电刺激前给药组亦有相同趋势,但差异并无统计学意义（P>0.05）。电刺激前后给药均不影响小鼠在中央格停留时间比（P>0.05）;与对照组比较,药物组电刺激前后给药具有提高小鼠运动总路程的趋势,但差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 仙茅苷具有改善电刺激应激小鼠抑郁的症状及抑制记忆退化的作用。     

黄蒲通窍胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学表现及海马CA1区病理变化的影响

目的 观察黄蒲通窍胶囊对血管性痴呆（vascular dementia, VaD）大鼠学习记忆功能及海马CA1区病理变化的影响。方法 将Wistar大鼠分为正常组、假手术组、模型组、多奈哌齐组及黄蒲通窍胶囊组。采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎法复制VaD大鼠模型。连续灌胃45 d后,采用Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠的行为学表现,光镜下观察大鼠海马CA1区的病理变化。结果 Morris水迷宫的定位航行实验和空间搜索实验表明,黄蒲通窍组和多奈哌齐组大鼠的逃避潜伏期较模型组显著缩短（P<0.01）,跨越平台次数、目标象限次数和目标象限距离均较模型组显著升高（P<0.01）。光镜下观察结果显示,黄蒲通窍组和多奈哌齐组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡、坏死较模型组显著减轻。结论 黄蒲通窍胶囊具有改善VaD大鼠学习记忆功能及减轻海马CA1区神经细胞损伤的作用。     

Technocrats and Tortured Bodies: Simone de Beauvoir's Les Belles Images

Through an analysis of Simone de Beauvoir's final novel Les Belles Images (1966), this article examines how a 1960s French technocratic class dealt with individual and collective traumas, particularly how they placed their faith in an undying hope in the future while simultaneously ignoring the horrors of wartime violence. The article contends that Beauvoir's novel is a story of not remembering—or, more specifically, attempting to forget—Algeria and all the conflict signified to the average French citizen, including decolonization, torture, racial difference and political tumult. Analysis rests on the novel's representation of its protagonist Laurence, who had been shaken to the core after reading a newspaper article about a (likely Algerian) woman tortured to death, ultimately causing a nervous breakdown that forever altered her interactions with her family and fellow technocrats. Gender and nationality also figure centrally in this examination of the broader role that images—not only belles images—played in the construction of French national identity at this historical moment.     

Residual history: memory and activism in modern Poland

This article examines the divide between national and local collective memory in Poland and investigates the role of “memory activists” in mediating and exploiting this divide. It narrows its focus to the ethnic cleansing of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) from 1943 to 1944 and the forced relocation of Ukrainians in Poland, Operation Vistula, in 1947. It surveys local and national newspapers to understand competing interpretations and analyzes what incidents (e.g. protests, disputes, commemorations, reenactments, etc.) related to these events take place in local communities. It highlights the many actors, “memory activists,” and associations involved in pushing specific, often ahistorical, interpretations of these events – motivated by political gain, careerism, or personal conviction. It uses the theoretical works of Maurice Halbwachs and Karl Mannheim to effectively distinguish between local and national phenomenon and to elucidate the various nuances of collective memory.     

Debating Baltic memory regimes

This is a debate article about a volume by Michael Bernhard and Jan Kubik, who put forth a novel analytical framework for comparing memory regimes in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. The article briefly outlines the model, debates the results of the Baltic chapter in the volume, offers a more rigorous comparative application of the original framework to these cases, and finally provides a methodological critique with regard to the comparative study of memory politics more broadly.     

“战争罪犯”还是“民族英雄”——以日本战后恢复对军人和战犯的抚恤政策为视角

对军人军属进行抚恤是日本军国主义战争动员的重要内容,日本战败后曾经一度废除。《旧金山和约》签订后,日本政府很快恢复了对不包括战犯在内的复员军人的抚恤、救助工作。在日本遗族会等保守团体的推动和"战犯释放运动"的影响下,经过几次修改,至20世纪50年代中期,日本政府全面恢复了对包括战犯在内的军人军属抚恤工作。无论是刑死还是狱死的"战犯"均被视为因公死亡享受抚恤,战犯服刑期间仍被作为"在职期间"累积计算抚恤年金,服刑期间伤病者另可以享受"伤病抚恤",战争罪犯俨然成了日本的"民族英雄"享受优待。日本政府从立法层面恢复对战犯的抚恤,对日本社会的战争认识和战争记忆的重构产生深刻的影响,也成为此后甲级战犯被靖国神社合祀的社会意识的基础。     

The art and politics of imagination: remembering mass violence against women

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses the role of artistic memory in processes of redressing political violence and historical injustices. Combining philosophical reflection, insights from memory studies and examples of artistic practices, it focuses on how memory and imagination coalesce in problematising mass violence against women and resisting its ‘official’ oblivion. The argument is that artistic memory work can foster collective memories of the painful past in ways that overcome both individual and national representations. To this end, this paper aims to explore various contemporary art productions as new models of memorialization, which deal with the representation of violence against women in armed conflicts and under political repression. The academic literature on the role of art in processes of dealing with the past tends to examine literature, film, theatre, painting and other more traditional artistic media of commemorating the victims of mass violence. In contrast, this paper explores the political potentialities of new artistic models of memorialization, namely participatory and collaborative artistic practices. Unlike the traditional media, they can commemorate victims performatively and collaboratively, simultaneously catalysing transnational solidarity and new forms of politics ‘from below.’     

Taking the bait: interrogation questions about hypothetical evidence may inflate perceptions of guilt

ABSTRACT

During suspect interviews, police will sometimes ask about hypothetical incriminating evidence to evoke a cue to deception – a technique known as a bait question. Previous research has demonstrated such questions can distort peoples’ memory for what evidence exists in a case. Here, we investigate whether such memory distortion can also cause people to see the suspect as more likely to be guilty. Across three experiments, we find exposure to bait questions led to participants hold inflated views of a suspect’s guilt. Further, we demonstrate bait questions cause reliable, robust memory distortion, leading participants to believe non-existent, incriminating evidence exists. However, we found no evidence to support the speculated mechanisms for this inflation – namely, (1) that source monitoring errors could lead people to misremember false evidence as real evidence and (2) that bait questions provide ‘key evidence’ to fill in the gaps of an incomplete theory of a case. In sum, bait questions have the problematic potential to shift jurors towards guilty verdicts. We suggest future research directions on bait questions, including the need for different designs to clarify why bait questions inflate guilt, and recommend practitioners avoid the use of bait questions.     

Eyewitness Lineups: Is the Appearance-Change Instruction a Good Idea?

The Department of Justice's Guide for lineups recommends warning eyewitnesses that the culprit's appearance might have changed since the time of the crime. This appearance-change instruction (ACI) has never been empirically tested. A video crime with four culprits was viewed by 289 participants who then attempted to identify the culprits from four 6-person arrays that either included or did not include the culprit. Participants either received the ACI or not and all were warned that the culprit might or might not be in the arrays. The culprits varied in how much their appearance changed from the video to their lineup arrays, but the ACI did not improve identification decisions for any of the lineups. Collapsed over the four culprits, the ACI increased false alarms and filler identifications but did not increase culprit identifications. The ACI reduced confidence and increased response latency. Two processes that could account for these results are discussed, namely a decision criterion shift and a general increase in ecphoric similarity.     

Mediated and unmediated access to the past: Assessing the memoir as literary genre

A survey was conducted of a number of younger generation members of Estonian and Latvian émigré communities (11 and 16 subjects, respectively) who had ‘returned’ to the ancestral homeland, to determine the reasons for their decision. A detailed questionnaire was provided for the respondents. Attempts were made to ascertain the subjects’ level of ‘Latvianness’ or ‘Estonianness’ and their emotional commitment to their new-found homeland. While the small sample may not provide definitive answers, the study gives richly suggestive insights into the thought processes and motivations of these young Baltic people.