Exit, voice, and loyalty in international organizations: US involvement in the League of Nations

Recent challenges to traditional international relations theory have questioned the nature of international organizations (IOs) as agents of powerful state-members and have examined various conduits through which non-state actors can voice their concerns. Yet little work has focused on participation in IOs when a powerful state’s official position contradicts the goals of actors within it. This article examines the archival record of American involvement in the League of Nations’ economic section to explore such a circumstance. I correct the prevailing historical view of American isolationism in the interwar period and argue that participation by advanced, industrial democracies can better be understood as combinations of exit, voice, and loyalty on the part of individual components of state and civil societies.

A community under siege: exclusionary education policies and indigenous Santals* in the Bangladeshi context

Abstract

This article presents and analyses the voices and responses of the research participants about the impact of exclusionary formal and informal education policies imposed on the Santal community in Palashpur, Bangladesh (Palashpur is a pseudonym for the site of my research; it is also a metaphor for contested space where the colonial power and politics of the nation state exert domination and subordination). These policies are implemented through a state-led, centralised, monolingual and exclusionary curriculum in local primary and secondary schools, schools run by the churches, and schools supported by nongovernmental organisations. The education policies in Bangladesh bear the legacy of the combined forces of cultural homogenisation and social exclusion rooted in the colonial learning structure and its objectives. Embedded in these policies are elements of the civilising mission, an ultra-religious assimilative but exclusionary nationalistic agenda, and Western values of modernity and development. In this rural context, these alien ideologies and practices in education are actively engaged in eliminating local institutions, the knowledge system of indigenous peoples, the texture of their lives, their joy of living, their spirituality and their sense of being. This article reveals how, imposed from above, education policy and practices have dispersed an indigenous community to negotiate a life that goes against the interests of the community itself and its members.     

论销售金额——对生产、销售伪劣产品罪的另一种解读

销售金额可以分为广义的销售金额和狭义的销售金额。生产、销售伪劣产品罪的既遂形态应为危险犯,销售金额应为危险犯中危险状态的衡量标志。唯有如此,才能对生产、销售伪劣产品罪的既遂形态作出科学、合理的说明。应对刑法中有关生产、销售伪劣产品罪的规定进行一定的修改。     

刑法分则中罪状模式的比较分析和立法完善——兼与“既遂模式”论者商榷

对于需要处罚的未遂的故意犯罪,我国刑法分则通常以既遂为标本规定基本法定刑,但对于基本罪状的规定则既不同于意大利刑法明示的既遂模式,也不同于德、日刑法在逻辑上隐含的既遂模式,而是一种非既遂模式。这种法定刑上的既遂模式与罪状上的非既遂模式之间存在逻辑上的矛盾,也导致了学界对我国刑法分则中罪状模式的误解,并由此支撑着一个虚假的犯罪既遂理论。我国刑法分则规定应当借鉴意大利刑法的既遂模式,将犯罪的既遂要素明确规定在基本罪状中,并通过刑法分则的具体规定明确未完成行为的刑事可罚范围。     

对我军完成多样化军事任务的几点思考

胡锦涛总书记在党的十七大报告中明确了提高军队应对多种安全威胁、完成多样化军事任务的能力,要达到全面履行党和人民赋予的新视野和军事战略视野,进一步增强政治意识、大局意识,新阶段军队历史使命,必须提高军队应对多样化军事任务的使命意识和战略意识,在纷繁复杂的形势面前能消除威胁、完成多样化军事任务的能力,坚决维护国家主权、安全、领土完整,为维护世界和平贡献力量。这是当前国防和军队建设的重要内容,也是新世纪履行我军历史使命的体现。     

博士毕业生的性别差异与职业成就

本文利用优势积累理论,通过对博士毕业生在学术研究兴趣、科研能力、工作抱负上三个方面的分析,探讨女性科技人员工作成就低于男性的原因。数据显示,女博士对学术研究的兴趣低于男博士,她们的科研能力和工作抱负也低于男博士。这些差距有可能在今后的工作中积累和扩大,从而影响女性的科研地位和成就。本文建议女性科技人员通过树立明确的职业目标、提高自身的科研能力以提高职业成就。同时,还需要改变传统的社会性别意识,提高相关部门对女性问题的关注。     

司法工作人员与无身份者共同实施真正身份犯的共犯成立类型

根据共犯处罚根据论中的修正的惹起说,以及对实行行为的实质理解,在无身份者参与司法工作人员实施的真正身份犯的犯罪行为的场合,无身份者不仅可以构成教唆犯或者帮助犯,而且还可以构成共同正犯。甚至无身份者还完全可以利用司法工作人员实施犯罪,构成真正身份犯的间接正犯,不过这种场合下司法工作人员不构成犯罪,二者不再构成共同犯罪。在司法工作人员参与无身份者实施的真正身份犯的犯罪行为时,司法工作人员只能构成间接正犯,而不能构成教唆犯,无身份者只能构成帮助犯,不能构成实行犯。     

Exploring Collaboration,Its Antecedents,and Perceived Outcomes in Service Partnerships of Community-Based Organizations in South Florida

This article examines the temporal sequence of inter-organizational collaboration by investigating what factors contribute to collaboration and which collaboration practices influence collaborative outcomes in service partnerships formed by community-based organizations (CBOs) in South Florida. The article uses structural equation modeling to test the service partnership model. Findings indicate that development of service partnerships are mostly affected by environmental factors related to solving social problems (p < 0.001) which accounts for 37% of variance in inter-organizational collaboration. In addition, cognitive and resource reciprocity, indicators used to measure inter-organizational collaboration, had statistically significant influence (p < 0.001) on perceived collaboration outcomes. These findings shed light on how CBOs transfer theirs social mission in collaborative actions to alleviate social problems. Implications of this study can help service partnerships in identifying best practices and areas for improvement which are needed to build capacity at the inter-organizational level.     

Mandatory or Not Mandatory Reporting? Insights From Italian Bank Foundations

In the Italian nonprofit field, bank foundations face an increasing demand to account for their grant activity in forms that go beyond traditional financial statements. Consequently, bank foundations have developed specific reports in accordance with a 2001 Italian law that requires a mission report to be included within financial statements. This study investigates the peculiarities of social reporting documents in terms of standards used and formal characteristics, revealing different adoption levels. Contributing to an ongoing debate, the analysis of the reporting practices underlines how the due by law on social accounting could hamper the disclosure in nonprofit organizations.     

从法治的角度探析少数民族宗教问题

少数民族宗教问题,关乎到国家安定,关乎人民福祉。妥善处理少数民族宗教问题,考验我党的执政水平和各级领导的执政能力。当前,国际风云突变,民族宗教分裂势力有抬头之趋势。需要各级领导干部,牢固树立法治理念,用法律思维积极预防与妥善处理民族宗教问题。