适度竞争与和谐社会——对传统竞争观与和谐观的当代省察

我们的先哲很早就认为,"争"是一种普遍的社会现象,而且"争"必然会给国家和社会带来不良甚至是灾难性的后果.中国古代这种排斥竞争的价值观念走向极端,必然会阻碍竞争,从而在一定程度上阻碍物质财富的创造和社会的发展.不过,社会发展和进步的客观需要仍给竞争留出了足够的空间,隋唐初创直至晚清才被废止的科举之制,堪称用人上的竞争择优的制度化、规范化的成功实践.和谐是中国传统文化的核心理念和根本精神.先秦儒家、道家、法家等都描绘了各自以和谐为根本特征的理想社会蓝图.今天我们构建社会主义和谐社会,必须正确认识和处理竞争与和谐的关系,倡导适度竞争,以适度竞争促发展、促和谐.     

关于假释适用的若干认识

我国刑罚执行中 ,减刑率高于假释率有其合理根据。但从长远角度看 ,假释能够把犯罪风险或现实代价放在行刑后期——一种准社会环境和司法机关尚可控制的范围。因此 ,适度地普遍地运用假释 ,更能突显刑事法预防犯罪的主旨 ,培养社会综合预防犯罪的能力。具体做法是完善相关法律程序与内容 ,完善假释管理机制 ,调整假释适用的重点对象。     

China's Mode for Compiling an Environmental Code…

Basic law + separate laws and codification are the two modes countries worldwide adopted for enacting environmental legislation in line with their national circumstances and legal traditions. Following the goal of establishing a modern environmental governance system, the mode moderate codification should be China's choice for compiling an environmental code. Moderate codification is a dynamic and open substantive code-compiling mode. Based on idea changes and method innovations, it builds a basic logic system with the goal value as the core and the tool value as the technical method. An environmental code following the moderate codification mode can use the structure of General—Specifics. The General Part extracts common factors and elaborates the legislative purposes, basic principles, management rules and lead measures that dominate the overall situations and are universally applicable. Then each Specific Part (they form Specifics) compiles and integrates the relevant prevailing laws and regulations, and further regulate environmental factors. Therefore, the cornerstone concept of eco-environment should be defined and the environmental legal relationships should be clarified. Environmental code derives from dual source-of-law and considers sustainable development as its value goal, takes the eco-environment as its cornerstone concept, and regards the legal relationship as its systematic tool for constructing its framework system.     

Comparisons of familial DNA database searching strategies

The current familial searching strategies are generally based on either Identity-By-State (IBS) (i.e., number of shared alleles) or likelihood ratio (i.e., kinship index [KI]) assessments. In this study, the expected IBS match probabilities given relationships and the logic of the likelihood ratio method were addressed. Further, the false-positive and false-negative rates of the strategies were compared analytically or by simulations using Caucasian population data of the 13 CODIS Short Tandem Repeat (STR). IBS ≥ 15, IBS ≥ 16, KI ≥ 1000, or KI ≥ 10,000 were found to be good thresholds for balancing false-positive and false-negative rates. IBS ≥ 17 and/or KI ≥ 1,000,000 can exclude the majority of candidate profiles in the database, either related or not, and may be an initial screening option if a small candidate list is desired. Polices combining both IBS and KI can provide higher accuracy. Typing additional STRs can provide better searching performance, and lineage markers can be extremely useful for reducing false rates.     

发展与保护：一种原则性的理性模式

作为一种在经济行为中普遍存在的发展与保护的二元对立,表现为两种不同发展模式的对立,而这一对立又根植于“唯科学论”与“唯生态论”的冲突。因而在科技、人与自然的理念层面,确立一种原则性的理性模式,就成为发展与保护协调统一的前提。     

Moderate Secularism, Religion as Identity and Respect for Religion

Political secularism takes many forms but a fundamental distinction is between radical and moderate kinds. The latter is a genuine secularism and not just a failure to take secularism to its logical conclusion. The failure to appreciate this obscures the secularism that exists in western Europe. Namely, an accommodation of organised religion which sees it as a potential public good or national resource (not just a private benefit), which the state can in some circumstances assist to realise—even through an 'established' church. I adumbrate five types of reasons the state might be interested in religion: truth, danger, utility, identity and respect. The challenge facing such secularism today is whether it can be pluralised or multiculturalised, in particular whether it can accommodate Muslims. A ground for optimism is the respect that some people, especially some Muslims, have for religions other than their own.     

救助的扩展:农村居家社区养老服务的发展路径——以北京市为例

以北京为样本,农村居家社区养老服务发展可以概括为两条主线、三个阶段和三类主要模式。两条主线为救助-适度普惠福利服务和居家-社区福利服务,三个阶段指由自发性的帮扶救助到村两委主导再到混合化运营,三类模式包括纯居家互助服务模式、互助服务+就餐模式、互助服务+综合模式。总体而言,农村居家社区养老服务应该是非营利定位的,互助服务是农村居家社区养老服务发展的关键,其发展路径可以概括为:分阶段、分类型地扩展救助型福利服务和适度普惠型福利服务;由福利的国家责任向国家、社会合作(发动社会参与,进行资金和服务互助)转变;由设施建设向服务供给转变;构建农村互助共同体等。     

Affordable Homeownership: The Incidence and Effect of Down Payment Assistance

Using data from a panel study of low- and moderate-income homeowners, we assess the determinants of the use of several types of down payment assistance and the effect of using assistance on mortgage performance. Although we find differences in reliance on types of assistance, we find no difference in mortgage performance between those who used assistance and those who did not. Based on these findings, we urge caution in imposing down payment requirements that disproportionately restrict access to mortgage credit.     

A Period of Moderate Growth

正Five years after the financial crisis swept across the world,the global economy is still going through profound restructuring and changes.The developed world is heading toward stability,while the emerging markets are undergoing a slowdown,with China entering a moderate economic growth period.In the future,a polarization will occur on the global stage.Moreover,following the conclusion of the Bali Package by the World Trade Organization(WTO),the globalization drive will surge again and a battle over rules will heat up.     

论国际商事仲裁的司法审查与立法完善

作为司法外解决争议手段的国际商事仲裁兼具契约性和司法性的混合特质,从而使得法院对于这一制度进行审查成为必要与必然。仲裁的司法审查包含三方面的内容,仲裁开庭前的司法审查,仲裁程序进行中的司法审查,仲裁裁决作出后的司法审查。仲裁作出后对裁决的司法审查尤为重要;但这种审查必须是适度的,应当承认仲裁裁决的终局性,简化和明确司法审查的范围和标准,审查应以支持和协助为主,控制和干预为辅。支持和促进仲裁发展是法院行使这一权力的立足点。我国应当借鉴国际上的先进做法,通过对《仲裁法》的修改,建立适度的司法审查制度。