澜湄水资源安全与合作:流域发展导向的分析视角

进入21世纪,澜湄流域的人口增长、经济快速发展和城镇化,增加了各国用水需求,而各国对水资源的非协调性开发以及气候变化影响下的极端天气频发,导致水安全问题凸显,流域可持续发展面临压力。当前,澜湄流域水安全处于中等脆弱状态,但已建、在建和计划建设项目的累积影响将进一步加剧水资源脆弱性。为保障水安全,湄公河国家迫切期望加强彼此之间及与上游的中国在水资源问题上的磋商、协调和合作,其共同水安全需求从低到高可分为四个层次:防洪安全、供水安全、生态安全及水—粮食—能源协同安全。这四种安全需求是同时存在的,但在流域国家社会经济发展所处的不同阶段,亦有不同侧重。澜湄水安全合作既要满足流域各国水安全需求,又不能脱离流域的整体发展,因此应正确把握安全与发展的辩证关系,分阶段、有步骤地推进和深化:尽早建立风险防控协调机制,开展流域国家联合勘察和应对气候变化协同研究;2030年左右建立供水安全和生态安全合作机制;到21世纪中叶开展全流域水资源综合管理,实现水—粮食—能源协同安全。     

试析古典自然法学的自然法观念

在自然法学的发展阶段,包括古代自然学、中世纪神学时期的自然法学、古典自然法学,近现代自然法学,其中古典自然法学时期的自然法学的理论是最为杰出的,它是建立在批判中世纪神学的自然法学基础上形成的,以人的眼光来分析问题、研究问题,这一时期自然法的理论十分完善,为西方世界的文明法治的发展奠定了重要的思想基础。为了掌握古典自然法学的理论内容,本文分析了古典自然法学中的自然法观念的起源、特征、意义以及局限之处。     

基于“数据驱动决策”理论的公安决策方法研究

数据驱动决策,是指决策者以通过相关数据分析所得到的信息和证据为依据制定决策的一种形式。运用数据驱动决策理论,将有助于减少决策失误,提高公安决策的正确性、精准性、及时性。决策前,公安机关领导要收集掌握数据,不断积累信息资源,科学管理信息资源,夯实决策基础;决策中,要分析挖掘数据,发现提炼客观规律,预测预知未来趋势,优选决策策略;决策后,要开放发布数据,引导社会认同决策,实事求是检验决策,促成竞争创新决策,从而借助数据的力量真正实现公安决策的科学化。     

中国现代矿业制度研究———基于《矿产资源法》修改的框架性建议简

修改《矿产资源法》,以破除“两证同体”制为入口,以建立现代矿业制度为目标,重构矿业法律体系.从传统的调整矿产物权为主的《矿产资源法》,转向现代的以调整矿山产业为主的《矿业法》.现代矿业制度,明确市场与政府的分工,让权利与权力之间边界明晰：矿产资源国家所有权融入普通物权地位而由民法调整,矿产权的商品市场自由流转;政府对产权归属明晰的矿产开发行为和开发主体进行严格管制,矿业开发市场必须受到严格限制.建立合理且严格的矿业开发市场准入制度,对进入市场后的矿业环境保护、场所健康与安全、矿业用地以及矿业相邻关系等行为进行重点规范,并构建保障这些行为预期的系列矿业法律责任.     

试论我国市场与政府在资源配置中的相互关系

党的十八届三中全会《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》提出经济体制改革的核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用。本文认为要处理好政府与市场的关系,就必须要尊重市场规律,在此基础上转变政府职能,实现市场作用与政府作用的有机协调和配合,这样,才能在资源配置中发挥好市场与政府两方面的作用,实现新一轮经济改革的目标,为全面建成小康社会、实现中华民族伟大复兴提供体制条件。     

Experiences applying the climate resilience framework: linking theory with practice

This paper discusses the evolution and application of the Climate Resilience Framework (CRF). The framework focuses on the roles of systems, agents, institutions, and exposure in climate resilience and adaptation, and supports planning and strategic policy development using iterative shared learning techniques. Conceptual foundations of the CRF are explored, along with its application in a range of implementation and research contexts, including: urban planning (Asia), food systems (Nepal, Central America), and post-flood recovery (Pakistan, USA). These illustrate how analysis of system dynamics and agent behaviour in different institutional contexts can be used to identify points of entry for building resilience.     

Safeguarding development aid against climate change: evaluating progress and identifying best practice

Official development assistance currently totals around US$130 billion per year, an order of magnitude greater than international climate finance. To safeguard development progress and secure the long-term effectiveness of these investments, projects must be designed to be resilient to climate change. This article reviews 250 projects for three countries from two development organisations and finds that between 2% and 30% of these may require action now to “future-proof” investments and policies. Both organisations show improvements in the recognition of climate change in projects, but many projects are still not future-proof.     

Small-scale social-environmental enterprises in the green economy: supporting grassroots innovation

To achieve a top-to-bottom growth of the “green economy”, incentives and enablers need to be identified for those micro enterprises working at the grassroots level. A three-year study of 1,300 social and environmental enterprises in developing countries reveals how they are developing new products and services for their communities, using new business models. But their scale-up is hampered by lack of access to research and technology support and gender barriers, as well as challenges with complex partnerships, progress monitoring, and financial viability. A large pool of innovative ideas remains untapped and an opportunity to build a sustainable economy is being missed.     

Videos that speak for themselves: when non-extensionists show agricultural videos to large audiences

In 2008, an NGO showed videos about rice to farmers in 19 villages in Benin. A study in 2013 showed that farmers remembered the videos, even after five years had passed. In most of the villages at least some farmers experimented with rice farming or with new technology after the video screenings, which attracted large audiences of community members, including youth and women. Some of the villagers also visited extension agencies to get rice seed, and occasionally to seek more information. Farmers can benefit from agricultural learning videos shown by organisations with little previous agricultural experience. Videos do not necessarily need to be facilitated by an expert who knows the subject. Sometimes the video can speak for itself.     

Farmer cooperatives are the missing link to meet market demands in Laos

In the transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture, smallholders in Lao PDR need to get better organised to match market demand in terms of product volume and quality. This paper investigates the conditions for the emergence of cooperatives from existing farmers' groups. Our study revealed the importance of social networks and power relations as a factor of cohesion within groups. Local leadership plays a crucial role in connecting group members to the village and district institutions. Recommendations are provided to improve group management rules as a pre-requisite to turn groups into farmers' cooperatives.