Beggar's Chicken

正This famous dish originates in the reign of Emperor Qianlong(1711-1799).The emperor,while travelling in the guise of an ordinary civilian,got lost in the wilds south of the Yangze River.A sympathetic beggar invited the emperor to share a humble meal,which later became famous as"beggar’s chicken".As the legend goes,the beggar stole a chicken while wandering around a village in Changshu County,Jiangsu Province.Since he had no cooking utensils,after killing and gutting the chicken,the beggar coated it with mud and straw     

Confidence in an election authority and satisfaction with democracy: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment of a failed election in Sweden

Contemporary research on electoral integrity has focused on the functioning, evaluation, and legitimacy of electoral processes in emerging democracies. By contrast, this study investigates whether a failed election in a well-established democracy can affect individuals' evaluations of the electoral management body, the Election Authority, and whether those evaluations affect satisfaction with democracy. Using the case of a Swedish regional election in 2010 that had to be rerun due to procedural mistakes in the vote handling, we found that, in the short term, individuals’ confidence in the Election Authority was reduced after it was announced that the election had to be rerun because of the mistakes. Subsequently, this decreased confidence was strongly associated with less satisfaction with democracy at the regional and national level. As good news for the authority, after a successful rerun election, confidence rebounded to the levels prior to the failed election.     

拓宽学习视野 改善学习方法——对学习型党组织学习路径的思考

党的十七届四中全会在总结历史经验的基础上,提出"积极向书本学习、向实践学习、向群众学习"的要求,指明了建设学习型党组织的正确方向。建设学习型党组织,需要创新学习方法,把握全会提出的三种学习方式:一是向书本学习,坚定信念,立德储能;二是向实践学习,增长才干,历练作风;三是向群众学习,收获智慧,增进感情。     

关于普通高校招生制度改革的思考

长期以来我国普通高校不招收成人入学的作法,使成人丧失了完成普通高校学历教育的机会,不利于成人高等教育的发展.普通高校招收成人入学,既可开辟成人高教的新途径,又可促进自身的发展.     

在我国建立宪法法院的必要性与可行性之分析

在我国建立什么样的违宪审查机制一直是理论界争议的难题,这直接关系着我国违宪审查体制的建构,本文从建立宪法法院的必要性和可行性两个方面论证了宪法法院的建构的益处以及宪法法院的建构与我国现行人民代表大会运行机制并无冲突。     

对农村妇女信教问题的分析与思考

农村基层组织薄弱、思想政治工作淡化、精神文化生活贫乏以及妇女自身科技文化素质偏低等是女性信教者增多的主要原因.女性信教者增多已经干扰了农村两大文明建设,直接影响到当前农村社会的发展与稳定.解决农村妇女信教问题要突出农村思想政治教育的科学性、可参与性、针对性和实效性等具体应对措施.     

Ottoman apprentices and their experiences

Abstract

In this article, I analyze craft and trade apprentices in the late Ottoman Empire in order to add a new dimension to the existing literature on guilds and artisans. Rather than presenting an ideal picture, I discuss the apprentices' actions and experiences, which I argue did not take place in isolation.

First, I briefly discuss Ottoman guilds and artisans, including a literature review, define and explain both the system of apprenticeship and who apprentices were.

After focusing on the dialectical relationship between the upper and lower ranks, which presented itself through the authority - obedience or autonomy - disobedience relationship, I explain how the lower rank attempted to gain autonomy. I also question whether guild harmony was real or not and explore how some apprentices changed the direction of their life path, away from mastership to something else entirely. The hidden and unhidden resistance of apprentices will be shown through acts of theft, assault with a knife, and absconding, and through survival strategies which included running away. In the final part of the article, I describe how new institutions filled the gap left by the traditional guild system, which had been on the decline since the nineteenth century.     

侦查人员出庭作证的中国模式

两大法系国家侦查人员出庭作证的情形可以概括为“控方证人”和“普通证人”两种模式,两者体现出截然不同的诉讼理念和价值取向.中国的侦查人员基本不出庭作证,实践中通行的是“情况说明”模式,主要通过提交书面说明材料的方式作证.这种模式的形成与我国的诉讼结构、庭审方式、业绩考核制度和国家赔偿制度等因素息息相关.两个证据规定明确要求侦查人员在法定情形下必须出庭作证,但无论是法律规范还是司法实践都表明,侦查人员出庭作证这个难题仍未得到有效解决.保障侦查人员出庭作证制度的实施,必须改革案卷笔录中心主义的审判方式,构建以裁判为中心的纵向诉讼构造,提高庭审效率和律师辩护技巧,加强对被告人权利的救济     

以道德建设促进残疾人与健全人和谐共生

残疾人与健全人及整个社会之间的内在关系,决定了残疾人与健全人关系的远近亲疏是一个社会道德水平的标尺。现实中我国残疾人总体生活状况与社会平均水平的较大差距,是社会对残疾人善行不足的表现。要实现残疾人与健全人之间的和谐共生,就要在全社会大力提倡善待残疾人的美德与善行,把善待残疾人作为对美好至善的追求。     

论我国特殊的普通合伙制律师事务所的现状与前景

特殊的普通合伙制无疑是近十年来我国立法在专业服务机构组织形式上的一大创举。特殊的普通合伙制律师事务所优势在于专业化、规模化、国际化。特殊的普通合伙制律师事务所小众化的主要原因是设立条件较高、关于法律责任承担存在错误认识等。解决之道是:建立"直索责任"规则;改良律师事务所年检制度;完善法规,政策支持。如此,特殊的普通合伙制中国律师事务所则必有光明的未来。