Is masculinity ‘deteriorating’ in China? Changes of masculinity representation in Chinese film posters from 1951 to 2016

Abstract

This study attempts to briefly map the general changes of Chinese masculinities in media over time, and explain why these changes happened. Through visual content analysis, 471 film posters collected from 1951 to 2016 are examined and findings summarised as follows: 1) men are decreasingly depicted as manual workers or soldiers, and increasingly white-collar and urbane; 2) men are decreasingly delineated as aggressive or puissant, and increasingly gentle and civil; 3) men increasingly show their demand for sexuality; and finally, 4) the portrayals of men are more diverse. These changes demonstrate men to be ‘softer’, shifting masculinity from patriarchal control to consumerism power, from physical strength to economic superiority, and from hegemonic to a more inclusive version. However, men do not exclusively embody the economic power in modern China because women also express it. Thus, without the traditional masculine traits and new symbols of masculine power, the contemporary portrayals of men are regarded as ‘emasculated’ by some older generations.     

特朗普政府初期美国军方管控气候风险及其行为逻辑

奥巴马政府时期,美国国家安全界对气候变化形成比较统一的认识,即气候变化对美国国家安全构成潜在威胁。与这种认知形成、加深相伴随的是,美国的国家安全体系逐渐开始将气候变化因素纳入其战略规划与日常实践。特朗普执政后,美国安全政策中的气候因素不仅没有淡化或终结,相反,在某些方面或在某种程度上还有强化的迹象。但是,这种强化趋势却出现了新的变化,并通过以下两种方式突显出来：第一,军方对气候变化的侧重点从长期威胁转向近期威胁、从间接威胁转向直接威胁、从全球性灾难转向特定灾害。第二,军方应对气候变化的手段从减排和适应并重转向侧重适应。支撑上述变化的不仅是基于现实的安全利益考量,也是美国决策者内部的矛盾及调和使然。未来,预计美国军方的气候政策进程仍将持续,但是,美国军方的气候政策是否会产生“外溢效应”,进而向上传递到联邦政府决策,仍旧取决于政府与国会之间的博弈。     

Potential Health Outcome and Vulnerability Indicators of Climate Change for Australia: Evidence for Policy Development

There is a growing need to develop health‐related indicators for climate change to assist in policy, planning, and evaluation of preventive measures. To date, no environmental health indicators of climate change have been developed specifically for Australia. We conducted a review of the Australian literature relevant to climate change health impacts to find out which exposure–response relationships could be readily used as indicators. The bulk of the literature relates to direct health‐related outcomes of extreme heat, and indirect outcomes associated with air pollution and infectious disease agents. Based on this information, evidence‐based indicators were chosen using the modified Driving force‐Pressure‐State‐Exposure‐Effect‐Action framework. Three groups of health outcome indicators are proposed: direct heat related, air pollution related, and climate‐sensitive infectious diseases. Indicators of human vulnerability to these outcomes are also included. The potential usefulness of and barriers to their use are discussed in the context of relevance for policy makers.     

论改革开放政策对私有财产权的影响

“李约瑟之谜”、新制度经济学引发了对中国私有财产权的反思。改革开放政策是一种强制型制度变迁,它为中国私有财产权打开了封闭的闸门、社会利益的多元化和个体化,触及了私有财产权灵魂。党的富民政策是私有财产权确立与保护的思想基础和制度来源,改革开放的政策内涵着合同自由与追求财富的民法机理．2004年的宪法修正案将私有财产权入宪,确认了改革开放以来经济领域中的成果,2007年《物权法》的出台更将其制度化。     

从一项"职工承诺"研究看中国工会的基本特征——再论中国工会是社会功能组织

理论界对中国工会的研究,大多在于说明其利益代表性的增强。我们以往的研究则表明,社会功能性仍然是中国工会的基本特征。我们通过一个新的视角,从企业职工对公司和对工会承诺的认知和行为继续研究中国工会的基本特征。研究表明,职工对企业和工会具有"双重承诺",甚至"双重忠诚"。这是中国工会具有社会功能性基本特征的重要基础。     

论现代政治增长及其对国家治理的影响

长期以来学界以及社会总是将"政治—市场—社会"相互关系置于相互竞争和挤压的语境,但从历时性的角度上看,政治、市场和社会在改革开放以来却在不同程度的同时增长.分析我国政治增长的历史基础,并从政府规模、组织结构、技术加持三个方面,阐述政治增长的事实和趋势,发现现代社会的流动性和复杂性奠定了现代政治增长的合理性基础,这种政治...     

Post-Soviet politics in Kyrgyzstan: between centralism and localism?

Kyrgyzstan is a country that has recently attracted attention with its different features in post-Soviet Central Asia. The country could not be institutionalized by either an authoritarian means or a democratic regime after her independence in 1992. Political life has been shaped by political confrontation between administrative authorities that have tendencies to strengthen the authoritarian regime and local political leaders who act centrifugally. This article, in the light of this background, aims to investigate the political process in the framework of the ‘Tulip Revolution’ that took place in 2005. Initially, social, economic and cultural dynamics, which have impacts on the political processes, are analysed, and next, the contemporary implications of these dynamics are examined in detail. Finally, probable influences of the political developments witnessed after 2005 and the potential direction of transformation of the political regime are discussed.     

当代西北少数民族地区公民权利保障的变动趋势

西北少数民族地区公民权利的保障存在典型的差序格局,随着经济、社会、政治的发展,这一差序格局具有时代性,主要体现在其趋势变动之中。本文从公民权利需求、公民维权意识、公民主体结构、政府保障行为四个方面对西北少数民族地区公民权利保障进行了实证分析。认为西北少数民族地区公民权利的实现往往需要政府的积极作为,它更多对应的是政府的即时性义务和法定义务(责任),而非渐进性义务和道德义务(道义上的体恤),努力实现公民保障结构的动态平衡。     

The paradoxes of Latin America's ‘Pink Tide’: Venezuela and the project of agrarian reform

A ‘pink tide’ swept over Latin America following Hugo Chávez's 1998 election to the presidency in Venezuela, bringing to power multiple left or center-left governments. What possibilities for and obstacles to social change were presented by their having attained power through the ballot box? This question is explored through an examination of Venezuela's agrarian reform and the promotion of agroecology within it. The article paper concludes that, while the reform has been successful in providing resources to the land-poor and landless, the landed class has not passively acquiesced to this redistributive effort. Moreover, a situation of ‘dual power’ – in which parts of the government remain in the hands of the previously predominant class, while the newly powerful class gains influence in others – characterizes the Venezuelan state.     

Resistance,class struggle and social movements in Latin America: contemporary dynamics

ABSTRACT

This paper traces out the changing forms of the resistance associated with each advance in the capitalist development of the forces of production over the course of the neoliberal era in Latin America. The central argument is that the resistance to the forces of agrarian change and capitalist development over the past three decades has been mobilised by a succession of social movements, whose dynamics and changing forms can best be understood in terms of Marxist class theory. The central focus of the paper is on the current dynamics of the class struggle on the expanding frontier of extractive capital in South America in the context of what has been described as a ‘progressive cycle’ in Latin American politics – a cycle that to all appearances is coming to an end.