Bridging the Gap: The Relationship between INGO Activism and Human Rights Indicators

This article explores the tension between the production of “naming and shaming” reports as tools of activism by international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) and the usage of these reports as cross-national indicators of human rights violations. Because INGOs are strategic actors, their reports are not a reflection of the “true” levels of abuse. Although existing scholarship has raised this issue in relation to bias in cross-national indicators, it has yet to explain the process by which NGOs produce reports. This article exploits subnational variation across domestic and international NGOs within India, showing how the divergence in their reports can be explained by these groups’ organizational structures, probability of success in their chosen issue areas, and target audiences. By explaining how human rights NGOs produce reports, this article concludes with suggestions to ensure that the biases prevalent in a single source of data do not drive the results of future scholarship.     

公安质量管理的标杆机制

公安服务水平和质量已经成为公民评价执政党与政府的形象与效率的日益重要的指标之一,如何提高公安质量,从体制或机制上确保公安产品的合法性与科学性,已经成为公安部门关注的热点。本文从质量管理机制的视角,引出公安质量管理的标杆机制,以期为我国提升公安质量起到支持作用。     

Institutional Arrangements and State and Local Financial Forecasting

Abstract

The articles in this symposium present various consequences that effectively result in changes from adopted budgets during the implementation phase, which derive from institutional structure. The institutional structures referred to include such attributes as internal policy, procedural methodology, longevity in office, and reward and incentive systems related to performance outcomes

For local governments, structural influences studied include changes in leadership in the executive and legislative branches, longevity in office of budget administrators, and differences related to mayor-council vs. council-manager forms of government. Internal policies reported on cover methodology used to forecast revenues such as quantitative methods versus informed judgment, budgetary controls and spending policy related to mandated spending beyond local government control, and procedures for benchmarking within the agency as well as with peer groups and professional standards.

Consortia of governments are referenced regarding performance evaluation as is the process for gaining consensus between the executive and legislative branches, including expert outside opinion. Other influences on performance outcomes reported on are those tied to the risk-reward system built in to the institutional structure, which includes risk tolerance of the individuals who make pension fund investments.     

论量刑建议权的有效行使

量刑建议权有效行使以司法分权理论、程序过程理论为其理论依据。在量刑建议权有效行使的标准上存在着两个误区——将审判监督权与量刑建议权行使标准等同和将公诉权中的定罪请求权与量刑请求权的有效行使标准等同。有必要确立有效行使标准的原则，并确立量刑建议权有效行使的宏观标准和微观标准。     

补救成本、价值损失抑或获益赔偿?——瑕疵履行救济的研究

瑕疵履行时,法院是施加救济成本还是价值损失的赔偿是合同法的难点之一。赔偿计算方式的选择必须体现期望损害赔偿的目标。目前流行的Peevyhouse规则、经济浪费规则和价值损失规则都有明显缺陷,而综合考虑意图、合理性以及政策则是目前规则的最好取代。而且获益赔偿可作为补救成本、价值损失之外的第三种可能实现期望损害赔偿目标的计算方式。我国现行《合同法》过于强调救济成本虽总体可行,但没有认真对待救济成本与价值损失之间的关系,也没有考虑获益赔偿的可能性,并不妥当。未来《合同法》应在此方面进一步完善。     

哪种改革最重要——来自新西兰的证据

在公共行政界,新西兰有两大事实广为人知。第一,新西兰实施了全面的公共部门改革,并且处于新公共管理运动的最前沿。第二,在几个衡量政府绩效的国际排行榜上,新西兰成绩不俗。本文通过观察新西兰财务管理、制度结构、信息管理和委任程序方面的改革,分析了这些事实之间可能存在的相互关系。通过运用政府主持的"新西兰人调查"的最新数据,我们考察了政府绩效的哪一部分对新西兰人最重要。结论显示,尽管大多数评论家强调财政改革和体制变革,然而早期关于信息公开、非政治任命和公共责任的改革对新西兰人最重要。     

社会转型期社会矛盾与冲突测量方法综述

社会转型不可避免地带来不同行业、不同地域、不同部门等各种社会群体关系的不协调与矛盾。转型期社会矛盾与冲突的测量有两大方法:客观测量和主观测量。客观测量法分为两种:一为社会结构测量法;二为经济差异测量法。主观测量分为三种方法:满意度测量方法;主观幸福感测量方法;社会意识与社会态度测量。