Emoticon convergence in Internet chat rooms

The present study examines sex and age differences in the use of emoticons (graphic representations of facial expressions) in Internet chat rooms. Data were collected from four Noesis chat rooms (“18+”, “30-something”, “40-something” and “50+”). Although women were more likely than men to use emoticons, there was no difference between the sexes in the range of emoticons used. The fact that men expressed a similar range of emoticons to women implies a general convergence towards female expression in mixed-sex communication contexts. Chat room users without a profile picture were also more likely to use winking emoticons. This may be because these types of emoticons are more flirtatious in intent, and it is easier for chatters to engage in risky communications when they are less identifiable. Furthermore, age had little bearing on the uptake of emoticons as well as the types of emoticons expressed. We draw upon Communication Accommodation Theory to help explain why emotional expression may converge in the chat room context.     

The contribution of Archie Mafeje to the debate on land reform in Africa

ABSTRACT

This article situates the election of Barack Hussein Obama as President of the United States of America within the current global political economy. It examines the major tenets of neo-liberalism, the founding ideology of this economy, and the policies by which neo-liberal ideology targeted and achieved a diminution of global state authority concomitant with a rise of market sovereignty. The consequences have been disastrous for the evolution of constitutional democracy and are at the root of the current economic crisis. As a critical factor that propelled Barack Obama's election, this article argues that Obama's presidency may offer a turning point away from a neo-liberal ideology and towards a strengthened commitment to constitutional democracy.     

Spousal visa law and structural violence: fear,anxiety and terror of the everyday

Attending to mundane bureaucratic politics can highlight forms of everyday structural violence. This article draws attention to the spousal visa law in the UK. On the surface, this law does violence to family life, forcing indefinite separation. However, this law is also symbolic of some of the main structural violence in society that cross-cut gender, race, ethnicity, socio-economic class, age, education level and profession, thus making tangible some of the intangible borders in society. Through the vehicle of this law we will consider how structural violence can operate as an everyday terror, disrupting the boundaries of public and private life.     

结果加重犯的构造模式探微

从内部来看,结果加重犯的基本构造模式在主观层面属于平行性罪过,即其中犯罪故意指向基本犯,犯罪过失指向加重犯,两种罪过相对独立。其客观层面又呈现出梯度质变关系,即在逻辑上看,基本犯所侵害的法益和加重犯所侵害的法益之间具有包容性的关系;从外部来看,结果加重犯的构造则凸显想象竞合关系,即基本犯和加重犯在外观上属于想象竞合犯的范畴。     

明清东北地区民事法律制度变迁特点研究

历代封建中央王朝都极力把中央权力渗透到边疆地区,使边疆的法律制度逐步内地化、趋同化,进而实现中央王朝稳定边疆的政治价值。稳定和秩序是社会得以正常运行的必要条件。要实现这种政治价值就必须要有一套制度体系作为载体。法律尤其是民事法律是民族精神的产物,它具有民族性,各民族均有自己的民间法,各自的民间法体现各民族的民族精神,而成为各民族的法律。由于封建帝国不注重民事问题,因此民事法律制度的这种趋同化较之于刑事法律制度缓慢得多,但是在缓慢的变迁中仍然体现出趋同与多元并存的局面。     

关于完善我国个人所得税法的设想

我国个人所得税法虽经历次修改但仅是局部微调,没有弥补现行个税法的根本缺陷,我国个人所得税法的改革和完善仍任重而道远。本文借鉴国外个人所得税法改革的合理成分,在分析我国个人所得税法缺陷的基础上,提出应在分类征收模式向分类与综合相结合的征收模式转变;减少累进税率级次,降低最高边际税率;实行税收特别措施;采用基本扣除与专项扣除相结合的方式,建立弹性税制,推广税收指数化和加强征管五个方面予以完善。     

Who is ready to climb the hill? The effect of legislative activity on promotion to higher offices in Chile

Previous research suggests that bill initiation is a mechanism used by legislators to foster personal votes. This article puts forward a theory whereby legislative activity is understood as a form of party service. Bill initiation records are used by parties to inform their decisions on who is ready to be promoted. The theory is evaluated using an original data-set from the Chilean Chamber of Deputies. Our empirical findings make a strong case for the hypothesis according to which parties reward those deputies who have shown to be effective legislators.     

基于产业融合视角的工业旅游发展模式研究

信息技术的进步使产业间的边界日趋模糊,产业融合成为大势所趋。工业旅游是工业与旅游业融合的产物,是体验经济时代的新型旅游形式。文章从产业融合的视角出发,探析工业旅游的发展模式,并为工业旅游的发展提出有益的对策和建议。     

海滨大戟化学成分研究

目的 研究海滨大戟Euphorbia atoto Forst.地上部分的化学成分组成.方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、Rp-18反相柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱以及重结晶方法进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质及核磁共振波谱和质谱数据鉴定化合物结构.结果 从海滨大戟地上部分95％乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为mayolene-16(1)、(+)-(R)-脱-O-甲基拉西奥地丁(2)、熊果烷(3)、α-香树脂醇(4)、伪蒲公英甾醇(5)、(3β,24R)-大戟烷-7,25-二烯-3,24-二醇(6)、29-nor-21-α-H-hopane-3,22-dione(7)、Hollongdione(8)、5α-豆甾醇-3,6-二酮(9)、22E,24R-麦角甾烷-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(10)、菜油甾醇(11)、豆甾醇(12)、β-谷甾醇(13)、芹菜素(14).结论 首次从海滨大戟中分离得到14个单体化合物,其中化合物mayolene-16(1)为新的天然产物.     

Female Officers and Community Policing: Examining the Connection between Gender Diversity and Organizational Change

This study aimed to evaluate the temporal relationship between gender diversity and the adoption of community policing. The results from three separate structural equation models suggest that gender diversity is the stronger temporal predictor. The findings highlight the potential importance of gender diversity in organizational change. In theory, increasing the number of female officers may increase organizational agility through the creation of an alternative cultural ethos. More research is needed to understand how gender diversity affects police agencies, as well as how calls to reform the institution of policing affect women in law enforcement.