Juvenile Desistance and Community Disadvantage: The Role of Appropriate Accommodations and Engagements

In recent years, juvenile justice systems have shown renewed interest in ensuring effective programming and support for young offenders as they reenter the community. These services often focus on suitable accommodations, education, work-based employment, and engagement in conventional activities. Recent studies also suggest, however, that these services may not have the desired impact in the community (i.e. desistance) if underlying community-level risk factors are not attended to. This may especially be the case for young offenders. Given the developmental literature underscoring the heightened sensitivity of youth to external conditions, this study focuses attention on the recidivism of young offenders in the United Kingdom. Data from 2005 through 2009 show that changes in appropriate accommodation and engagement offered to ex-offenders in a community are both related to a community’s rate of youth reoffending; however, the strength of this relationship differs across level of community disadvantage.     

我国外贸依存度的结构性特征

外贸依存度高已经成为我国发展对外经济面临的一个突出问题。总体上看,我国外贸依存特征为外贸依存地区、国家集中,外贸依存东高西低,一般贸易外贸依存度上升、但加工贸易依存度依然偏高,附加值低的劳动密集型产品的外贸依存度高,对资源的进口依赖度高,对高技术装备和核心技术的进口依赖高等。研究我国外贸依存度的这些结构性特征,要有针对性地采取应对措施。     

Russia’s economic policy in 2015–2016: the imperative of structural reform

In the aftermath of the global economic crisis, we have seen uneven development in the leading advanced and emerging economies, new models of economic growth that vary from country to country, uncertain prospects for globalization and challenges of “regional globalization,” looming currency re-configurations, as well as shifting energy price dynamics and their influence on political and economic prospects of particular states. This paper discusses current challenges for social and economic policy in the context of the history of the past 30 years. With reference to Russia, it focuses on a new growth model, structural transformation (including import-substitution issues), economic dynamics, fiscal and monetary concerns, and social issues. It concludes by addressing the priorities of economic policy.     

Does price really converge among provinces in Canada？ A study using unit root tests for cross-sectional panels

This paper examines price convergences across different provinces in Canada using 1983-2006 data. We adopt the new panel unit root tests for analysis that can correct for cross-sectional correlation. Our findings are contrary to previous studies and we conclude that intra-national price convergence does not occur. We also briefly discuss the reasons for the absence of convergence within Canada.     

牛趋化因子受体4基因的克隆表达及序列分析

采用RT-PCR技术,从被刺激诱导的牛外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中克隆了牛趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)全长基因,并将CXCR4基因和CXCR4基因N端1～126 bp(CXCR4~(42aa))片段分别亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,命名为pGEX-4T-1-CXCR4、pGEX-4T-1-CXCR4~(42aa).获得重组菌株后,采用不同的IPTG浓度、不同诱导时间、不同温度和不同培养基等组合诱导表达这两种重组菌,其中pGEX-4T-1-CX-CR4~(42aa)重组菌获得了表达,并在37℃、IPTG浓度为0.8 mmol/L、诱导6 h时表达量最大,约占菌体总蛋白的45%,目的蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在;而pGEX-4T-1-CXCR4重组菌未表达出目的蛋白.     

Tussle for space: The politics of mock-compliance with global financial standards in developing countries

As efforts to harmonize policies globally intensify, developing countries increasingly face pressures to adopt international standards. Yet, we know little about the circumstances under which developing countries manage to circumvent such pressures, or about their strategies to maintain policy space. We explore under which conditions developing countries are willing and able to sustain mock-compliance, a situation where countries comply on paper but not in practice. Using country comparisons of Angola's, Nigeria's, Tanzania's, and Vietnam's engagement with the Basel banking standards, we show how three factors combine to produce sustained mock-compliance: high costs of outright non-compliance due to outward-orientated banking sectors; high political costs of substantive compliance; and state control over profitable markets. Our article contributes to theory-building in the literature on compliance and structural power as well as to broader debates about developing countries' policy autonomy in their engagement with global financial norms.     

新旧矛盾、结构矛盾及其关系

新旧矛盾是事物内部新的一方与旧的一方组成的矛盾,其主要特征是相克,在事物发展的质变阶段表现比较突出;结构矛盾是事物内部不同部分、层次之间组成的矛盾,其主要特征是相生,在事物发展的量变阶段表现比较突出。两类矛盾相互交织,相互转化,共同推动着事物的运动和发展。实践中,要正确认识两类矛盾,用不同的思维方式解决不同的矛盾,同时,思维方式还要随矛盾的变化而变化,要注重两种思维方式的有机结合,只有这样,对构建和谐社会才有现实的指导价值。     

Does gang membership pay? Illegal and legal earnings through emerging adulthood*

Gang membership is believed to impede success in the legitimate economic market while simultaneously supporting success in the illegal market. We extend the study of the economic effects of gang membership by using a within‐ and between‐individual analytic design, decomposing gang membership into multiple statuses (i.e., entering a gang, continuously in a gang, leaving a gang, and inactive gang membership), examining legal and illegal earnings simultaneously, and accounting for factors endogenous to gang membership that may contribute to economic achievement. By using panel data from 1,213 individuals who participated in the Pathways to Desistance Study to conduct a multilevel path analysis, we find that active gang membership status is unrelated to legal earnings. Alternatively, entering a gang is associated with increased illegal earnings, attributable to changes in delinquent peers and drug use, whereas leaving a gang has a direct relationship with decreased illegal earnings. Our results indicate that the positive economic effect of gang membership (i.e., illegal earnings and total earnings) is short‐lived and that, on balance, the sum of the gang membership experience does not “pay” in terms of overall earnings.     

Occupational stress,supervisor support,job satisfaction,and work-related burnout: perceptions of Turkish National Police (TNP) members

The present study examines whether, and to what degree, occupational stress in law enforcement is associated with job satisfaction, work-related burnout, and supervisor support. A total of 538 Turkish National Police (TNP) members form seven cities in Turkey completed the study survey. The results of the study indicate that the more TNP members experience their organization as stress inducing, the lower their job satisfaction levels, and the higher their burnout levels. Perceived operational stress was found to be significantly associated with their work-related burnout, but not with their job satisfaction. This study also suggests that there is an indirect causal effect of both organizational and operational stress on job satisfaction via supervisor support as mediator. Overall, the findings of this study illustrate a need for internal policy reform and managerial change in how the executives of TNP organize their agency and policies since organizational stressors are the most prevalent factors determining the work-related wellbeing of TNP members.     

口蹄疫病毒A/WH/09株结构蛋白P1基因的克隆及其B细胞抗原表位的预测

对口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)A/WH/09株P1结构蛋白基因进行了扩增、克隆及序列测定。结果显示,FMDV A/WH/09株P1基因长2 208bp,包含完整的开放阅读框,编码736个氨基酸,其中VP1长636bp,编码212个氨基酸;VP2长654bp,编码218个氨基酸;VP3长663bp,编码221个氨基酸;VP4长255bp,编码85个氨基酸。采用DNAStar Protean软件对P1蛋白的二级结构、可塑性、亲水性、表面可及性及抗原指数等参数进行了综合分析,并预测其B细胞的抗原表位分布。结果表明,VP1、VP2和VP3上均有多个区域为B细胞抗原优势表位,VP4上也有少量潜在的B细胞抗原表位。与已鉴定的B细胞抗原表位相比,本试验所用方法预测的结果有较高的准确度,是一种较为先进的表位研究方法。