Globalization and Domestic Trade Policy Preferences: Foreign Frames and Mass Support for Agriculture Subsidies

Reforming agriculture trade policy is key to breaking the deadlock in multilateral trade negotiations. While existing studies have focused on institutions and interest group barriers to agriculture trade reform in developed countries, most have failed to recognize the broad support for agriculture protection among developed countries. In this article we examine one of the drivers of this support: the ability of politicians to frame their own agriculture policies as less generous relative to those of other countries. Drawing on existing literature on heuristics, we argue that voters are malleable to politicians’ comparative framing of agriculture policies. Using an original survey experiment in the United States, we find that framing US agriculture as less generous than other countries generates an additional 12% of respondents supporting increased farm payments to US farmers. These results speak to the difficulty in reforming agriculture and more broadly about the lack of public support for unilateral trade liberalization.     

略论作为中国传统调解经验的儒家互惠原则

儒家互惠原则重视人类以相互承认为前提的仁爱情感的价值，注重当事人的长远利益以及双方个体利益的均衡，蕴涵着一种较特殊的利益合作机制，它是中国传统调解模式的主轴和中心，在构建现代和谐社会过程中仍有重要意义。     

互惠与国际法规则的形成——博弈论视角的考察

互惠在国际法的形成，以及保障国际法的约束力上所具有的重要作用很多学者已有论及。但既往的研究主要在经验层面上加以描述，并未进入科学层面。近年来博弈论引入国际法的研究，为揭示国际法规则的实质开辟了新的视角。学者们对互惠的含义理解并不相同，帕瑞斯从博弈论视角对互惠的内涵以及它与国际法之间关系的见解深刻。他在对社会存在的五种博弈模式进行研究的基础上，把互惠分为结构性互惠、诱导互惠和随机互惠三种。这些互惠模式在缺乏中央权威的国际关系中，可以导致不同形式的合作，形成不同的国际法规则。可以说，互惠构成了国际关系中的元规则。不过，互惠也并非能解释国际法一切规范的形成，强互惠所产生的利他行为就难以在互惠的框架内加以解释，而这却解释了像维护人权和国际共同利益这类对某些国家来说并非有益的价值和制度的生成。     

行政协议的法律性质分析

我国区域经济合作发展背景下出现的行政协议是行政主体之间为实现合作，而在特定事项上互为意思表示一致达成合意的一种双方或多方行政行为。行政协议作为契约的一种，对签约主体而言，属于对等性行政契约，对行政相对人而言，属于抽象行政行为。     

`The Capabilities Approach', `The Imaginary Domain', and `Asymmetrical Reciprocity': Feminist Perspectives on Equality and Justice

In this article the author revisits the question of how feminist theory/theories could address questions regarding universalism, sameness, difference, and the quest for justice. She reconsiders the quest for justice and equality for women and the (im) possibilities of a feminist perspective on justice and a feminist `community'. The three feminist theorists that she discusses are Martha Nussbaum, Drucilla Cornell, and Iris Marion Young. Nussbaum is closer to a liberal defense of universal values – Cornell and Young stand critical of liberalism and focus on sublimity, dignity, and asymmetrical reciprocity. The author supports the perspective of the latter two theorists and applies these perspectives to aspects of South African equality jurisprudence. She also considers critically the extent to which the Draft Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa breaks with liberal universalism and sameness. To the end she supports a notion of` slowing down' in order to protect women's freedom and dignity, to approach each other with wonder and respect. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论版权国际保护的发展趋势

TRIPS的生效和以网络电子技术为主导的新技术革命的冲击 ,使得版权的国际保护呈现出了由双边体制向多边体制发展、由传统文化领域进入国际贸易领域的跨领域发展、由以国民待遇原则为基础向实质性互惠方向发展的新特点 ,并且出现了版权国际保护与科学技术发展的联系愈来愈紧密的趋势。     

Why Do We Respond to a Concession with Another Concession? Reciprocity and Compromise

All negotiation processes involve an exchange of concessions, and compromise is an agreement based on mutual concessions. Hence the questions investigated in this article: Why are concessions in negotiations always reciprocal? Why do negotiators follow this rule? And why do negotiators achieve these concessions through a process that we call compromise? Is there a connection between conceding and promising? In this article, I examine the structure of concession making and compromise through sociological, anthropological, and etymological lenses to better illuminate this critical negotiation component.     

When Do States Say Uncle? Network Dependence and Sanction Compliance

In this article we address the long-debated question of when and why states comply with sanctions. While the literature remains indeterminate as to whether the key mechanisms driving sanction compliance are tied to interstate relations, intrastate constraints, or a dynamic combination of the two, our theoretical framework and methodological approach provide a novel perspective that incorporates insights drawn from network theory to explain the time until countries comply. Specifically, we argue that reciprocity, a concept with deep roots in both network theory and international relations, has largely been overlooked in the study of sanction compliance. Though often ignored, this concept captures an essential aspect of how cooperation is fostered in the international system and allows us to better analyze the strategic environment underlying sanctioning behavior. Given the theoretical importance of reciprocity in understanding interstate relations, we provide an approach that integrates estimations of this type of network interdependency into extant frameworks for modeling the time until countries comply with sanctions. Our results highlight that reciprocity not only has a substantive effect in explaining the duration of sanctions but that models excluding this concept from their specifications do notably worse in terms of their predictive performance.     

Building Reciprocal Partnerships for Service-Learning: The Experiences of Hong Kong Secondary School Teachers

With the maturation of the service-learning field in recent years, school–community partnerships have emerged as an important area for studying the effectiveness of this type of experiential education. However, the paucity of studies of school–community partnerships indicates that they are only beginning to be understood and thus require further investigation. Drawing upon 5 focus group interviews with 22 secondary school teachers in Hong Kong, this study gives examples of the diversity of service-learning partnerships and provides strategies for developing and maintaining effective partnerships. The research and practice implications of the present findings for promoting reciprocal school–community partnerships are discussed.