权利的互惠性

权利,作为一种话语,是现代法学甚至道德话语的基石范畴,在当今法学的研究和法律制度的建构中处于绝对核心的地位。本文通过对权利范畴的历史演化之逻辑过程的分析,指出权利范畴有着特定的社会根基和伦理要求,即权利的互惠性。通过对权利的互惠性之社会分析,进一步指出权利保护的对象是利益,但其本质不是利益,而是表征处于社会关系结构中的"利益关系"的一种话语虚构(fiction),是对利益关系中互惠性原则的一种制度化表达,故而权利本质是一种话语。最后,通过对作为话语的权利进行解析,力图表明作为话语的权利范畴和权利制度不能也无法脱离开其历史中凝炼进来的互惠正义的社会内涵。     

UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF RECIPROCITY REQUIREMENT FOR RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS IN JAPAN

This article deals with reciprocity requirement for recognition of foreign judgments in Japan. Following German law, Japanese law requires reciprocity to the rendering state in addition to the jurisdiction of the state, the service of process, and the compatibility with Japanese public policy. Although Japanese courts have rarely refused the recognition of foreign judgments for lack of reciprocity for a long time, some Chinese judgments recently have not been recognized for this reason. The author clarifies first with historical review what was the purpose of the Japanese legislator, when the original law of 1890 required the reciprocity by international treaties, and when later the reform law of 1926 required the simple reciprocity that is similarly provided in the current law. The author surveys then the Japanese case law concerning the reciprocity requirement after the reform of 1926. The author focuses further on the reciprocity between Japan and China and compares the Japanese practice with the German one that led to a different result. Last, it is concluded that the reciprocity requirement is contrary to the protection of human rights under Japanese constitution.