Is it Population or Personnel? The Effects of Diversity on Immigration Policy Implementation by Sheriff Offices

Abstract

The federal-local cooperative immigration removal program Secure Communities (S-Comm) has resulted in wide variation into how aggressively national interior immigration policy has been implemented locally. Some communities have removed thousands, but others have removed few if any. Community composition explains much of the variation, but representative bureaucracy tells us agency diversity also influences implementation. Focusing on county sheriff offices, a vital local partner in S-Comm, this study finds that agency personnel diversity (specifically, offices with larger percentages of Hispanics and African Americans) produce fewer removals and submissions to ICE for immigration background checks. Other agency-specific factors are also important. Both the agency’s total budget and whether it has a 287(g) agreement with federal immigration authorities increase removals. Despite recent efforts to blur the distinction between immigration and criminal justice policy, this study finds no relationship between local removals and local crime.     

中国版证券集团诉讼制度研究--以新《证券法》第95条第3款为分析对象

新《证券法》第95条第3款确立了我国证券民事纠纷领域由投资者保护机构主导的"默示加入、明示退出"集团诉讼制度。美国律师主导的退出制集团诉讼、我国台湾地区投资者保护机构主导的加入制团体诉讼,以及我国香港地区证券监管部门主导的证券民事赔偿制度,均取得了不错的实践效果。我国证券集团诉讼作为一项新事物,存在缺乏相应的程序性设计、投保机构的性质和职责不够明确、律师在集团诉讼中的角色定位不够清晰等不足。结合域外集团诉讼经验和我国具体实际,建议细化证券集团诉讼的案件选取、适格原告登记、原告退出权公告、法院审理判决、赔偿金支付等诉讼流程,明确投保机构公益性质及其诉讼代表人职责,并鼓励律师参与集团诉讼。     

代表人诉讼制度的反思与重构

代表人诉讼制度具有其他诉讼方式难以替代的独到的公共利益实现功能。代表人诉讼分为代表人共同诉 讼和代表人集团诉讼,前者是在共同诉讼的前提和基础上发展而来,后者则突破了共同诉讼的极限,在不要求所有的人 起诉的前提下,由代表人代表集团起诉,进行集团诉讼。     

人文文化素质与非公有制经济人士的形象塑造

非公有制经济人士的地位、作用得到社会承认以后，面临着完美形象、提高人文文化素质的突出问题。非公有制经济人士应具备的人文文化素质是：刚健有为，自强不息；厚德载物，以人为本；内圣外王，以德为先；见利思义，诚信知报。     

公司监事代表制度初探

公司的权利义务必须通过公司代表行为来实践 ,因此公司的代表制度是公司制度的一项重要制度 ,但平时我们所谈的均是董事层面的代表 ,本文称为对外代表权 ,然而实践中经常发生这些享有对外代表权的公司高级管理人员侵害公司利益 ,却无法被追究的现象 ,本文考察了公司代表制度的两种主义 ,并提出在我国应该废弃原先的法定代表人唯一代表制 ,而引进西方的监事代表制度。     

美国集团诉讼立法变革及其对中国的启示

为矫正集团诉讼实践中的相关缺陷,美国集团诉讼立法数十年来进行了一系列的变革,相关变革取得了较显著的成效。我国现行群体诉讼制度因司法政策限制、制度设计缺陷及民事诉讼理论研究的滞后而在实践中运行困难,这一局面的打破有赖于我们对美国集团诉讼立法理念、立法技术与核心法律规则的充分借鉴。     

论公司代表人的法律性质

研究公司代表人法律性质是各国公司法学界的重要课题.无论是基于法人实在说理论形成的大陆法系的代表说,还是以法人拟制说理论为基础衍生的英美法系的代理说,目的在于探讨代表人（或代理人）在公司中的法律地位、代表人（或代理人）行为的法律效力以及代表（或代理）行为后果的法律归属.文章拟通过对代理说和代表说两大代表性学说以及两大法系公司代表人制度的分析比较,对公司代表人的法律性质有一个较为全面的了解,以期为我国公司代表人制度的建立和完善能有所裨益.     

国外代议机构的民众诉愿制度及其对我国的启示

国外代议机构的民众诉愿制度源于瑞典的议会监督专员制度,因其在接受民众诉愿上的优越性,为西方其他国家所效仿,其中以英、日、澳、法、德等国最有代表性。国外代议机构民众诉愿制度遵循抑制官权、独立自主、无强制力等重要原则。这一制度对中国的启示有:要发挥代议机构作用,救济机构需要独立运行,救济手段是必要补充,救济手段不能越位等。     

Complementing and correcting representative institutions: When and how to use mini-publics

In democratic theory and practice, it has become a popular view that designed deliberative mini-publics can effectively counteract failures of representative democratic institutions. But when should mini-publics be deployed, and how should they be designed? This article develops a framework for thinking about these questions. It argues that when representative democratic institutions ensure the empowerment of inclusions, enable the formation of collective agendas and wills, and are capable of translating those agendas into binding decisions, mini-publics should be used sparingly and as complementary initiatives; the less representative institutions are able to serve these functions, the more mini-publics should gain independence and standing to correct these problems. The article shows how this can be operationalised in light of two key institutional design issues – coupling and authority – and discusses some empirical examples that foreground the empirical leverage offered by the suggested framework.     

Winds of Democracy Sweep the Country

NOWADAYS in China anyone–man or woman,urban or rural resident–can make their voice heard.They can vote for the representative they trust,assert their legitimate rights,and exert influence within their community or social group.This situation supersedes the past one where fixed mindset prevailed of unquestioningly obeying leaders and excessive caution in words and actions.Democracy at the grassroots level in China is reflected in a span of processes that include authorization,decision-making,participation,deliberation and supervision.They constitute a complete structure and system whose social function becomes steadily more important.Democracy at the grassroots level is an important part of people’s democracy in China.Its expansion in scope and depth consolidates the foundations of the country’s economic and social development.It also signals proactive reforms to China’s political system.