罚金刑适用疑难问题探析

只有当犯罪分子行为时的经济情况能够作为犯罪情节之一的时候,才可以考虑其对罚金数额的影响。对未成年罪犯适用罚金刑,更有利于发挥刑罚的价值,但应尽可能地在罚金数额上予以减免。司法实践中虽然存在着不少"先缴后判"的做法,但该做法并不正当,缺乏明确的法律依据,甚至也缺乏司法解释的肯定。     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Ibbetson A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations
Ripstein Equality, Responsibility and the Law
Rubio-Marin Immigration as a Democratic Challenge: Citizenship and Inclusion in Germany and the United States     

高校大学生性教育机制研究——社会工作视角下的“青春教育同伴行”实践反思

大学生性教育越来越受到高校的重视，虽然取得了一定的成效，但是其效果并不理想。“青春教育同伴行”的实践告诉我们：大学生性教育的现状不容乐观，仍存在着亟须解决的问题；“青春教育同伴行”实践体系创新了大学生性教育的模式。     

防治中小学教师对学生性侵犯的措施研究

教师,被称之为"人类灵魂的工程师",他的言行举止,会直接或间接地对学生的身心健康和成长产生重要的影响。然而,随着社会转型向纵深发展,社会文化和人们的价值观都趋向多元化,以及教师职业道德的逐渐滑坡,近年来有关教师体罚、残害,甚至强奸学生等问题屡屡见诸报端,中小学教师对学生的性侵害呈现逐年上升趋势。只有认真分析中小学教师对学生实施性侵害的特点与犯罪原因,才能对如何防治教师对学生的性侵害提出对策措施。     

Alcohol and Parasomnias: The Statistical Evaluation of the Parasomnia Defense in Sexual Assault,Where Alcohol is Involved

Sleep sex may be a defense for alleged sexual assault. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD3) states: “Disorders of arousal should not be diagnosed in the presence of alcohol intoxication… The former [alcohol blackouts] are exponentially more prevalent.” A panel member of ICSD3, quoting ICSD3 asserts: “alcohol intoxication should rule out a sleep-walking defense”. This implies extremely strong support for a prosecution hypothesis (H_p) over a defense hypothesis (H_d). I use Bayesian methodology to evaluate the evidential probity of alcohol intoxication. The likelihood ratio, LR, measures the amplification of prior odds of guilt, . By Bayes' theorem, . I use data from cross-sectional studies of sexual assault and prevalence of alcohol use, in college students, with data from longitudinal studies, and data from the epidemiology of parasomnias to evaluate LR (alcohol). LR ~1.5 or 5, depending whether alcohol does, or does not, increase the risk of parasomnias. The proposition of extremely strong support for H_p implies a LR ~1,000,000, so the proposition in ICSD3 is not supported by formal analysis. The statistical reasoning in ICSD3 is unclear. There appears to be inversion of the Bayesian conditional (confusing intoxication given assault, and assault given intoxication) and failure to evaluate alcohol intoxication in H_d. Similar statistical errors in R. v Sally Clark are discussed. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine should review the statistical methodology in ICSD3.     

男孩偏好与性别失衡：一个基于需求视角的理论分析框架

出生性别比失衡是在生育转变过程中、具有男孩偏好的国家和地区不可避免的一个社会人口现象,反映出在特定的文化模式下,女性个体利益与家庭和群体利益的矛盾、错位和冲突。本文从需求视角出发,阐述了男孩偏好赖以生存的基础,提出了基于需求视角缓解男孩偏好的初步设想。文中指出,群体层面性别差异的固化,在一定程度上保证了个体层次的人身安全、保障安全、地位安全、自我价值实现。为此,缓解出生性别比失衡必须缓解主体对儿子的需求,从易到难,由表及里,层层剥蚀,集中攻坚：首先找到需求的薄弱环节,并利用性别敏感的替代模式和替代物品来满足主体多方面的需求;然后整合力量,有效动摇儿子需求的根基,缓解男孩偏好,最终达到降低出生性别比的目的。     

Sex,Biological Functions and Social Norms: A Simple Constructivist Theory of Sex

Feminist theory needs a constructivist account of biological sex for at least two reasons. The first is that as long as female and male are the only two sexes that are taken for granted, being cisgender, heterosexual, and preferably a parent will be the norm, and being intersexed, transgender, bi- or homosexual, infertile or voluntarily childless will be deemed failure. The second is the fact that, usually, sex and gender come together in the way that is expected, i.e. the fact that most females are women and most males are men needs to be explained. This paper provides a constructivist theory of sex, which is that the sex categories depend on norms of reproduction. I argue that, because the sex categories are defined according to the two functions or causal roles in reproduction, and biological function is a teleological concept involving purposes, goals, and values, female and male are normative categories. As there are no norms or values in nature, normative categories are social constructions; hence, female and male are not natural but social categories. Once we understand that biological normativity is social, biological norms of heterosexuality, fertility, and so on are no longer incontestable. In addition, as many gender norms also concern reproduction—socially mediated reproduction—this simple theory of sex explains the common confluence of sex and gender.     

论轮奸的复行为理论与共同正犯说

在我国刑法中，轮奸被定位为强奸犯罪的一种加重情节，而非独立的罪名。因强奸犯罪属复行为犯，复行为中的强制行为之上可成立共同正犯，而奸淫行为具有亲手性和排他性，故不能成立共同正犯，各犯罪人只能轮流地、各自地实施奸淫行为。轮奸不是典型意义上的共同正犯，而是数个独立意义上的强奸犯罪之叠加，也只能在宏观上被拟制成为“共同正犯”，即多犯罪人“在实现各自轮流奸淫被害人的目的支配下”通过参与实施“团体性”强制行为而实现每个犯罪人对被害人的奸淫行为。     

一起非医学需要鉴定胎儿性别及终止妊娠手术案引发的思考

笔者通过对一起非医学需要鉴定胎儿性别及终止妊娠手术案件的评析,提出在卫生行政处罚案件的处理过程中涉及到多个行政执法部门、多部法律竞合的问题并阐述了自己的看法,旨在探讨通过部门联动、无缝隙的行刑对接,对各种形式的非法行医行为进行严厉的打击,维护法律的尊严。     

刑事和解实务的经济分析

我国新《刑事诉讼法》以立法的形式明确了刑事和解的基本程序和要求，为多年来司法实践中广泛开展的刑事和解工作提供了法律依据。刑事和解在贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策、创建和谐社会等方面有着重要的意义，同时其符合刑法民法化，构建多元纠纷解决机制等现代司法改革发展的方向。但实践中刑事和解开展更多是符合“成本收益”计算的经济学规律，我们应当充分认识和解过程中的经济运行原理，从而更有效地运用好刑事和解，使其为社会创造更多“福利”。