Finkelhor's precondition model of child sexual abuse: A critique

Abstract

This paper critically discusses an extremely influential multi-factorial theory of child molestation, Finkelhor's Precondition Model. This model was one of the first comprehensive theories of the sexual abuse of children and represents a significant achievement. It provides a clear framework for approaching the study of men who have sexually abused children and has lead to both clear treatment goals and clinical innovations. It has rarely, however, been systematically critically examined and the cogency of its core constructs evaluated. Our analysis suggests that alongside its strengths, Finkelhor's Precondition Model has some conceptual problems. It suffers from vagueness; contains overlapping constructs; and a rich array of vulnerability factors that require teasing out and clarification. The model's attempts to provide a taxonomy highlight the diversity inherent in child sexual abuse, but it has not yet provided a structure to adequately inform treatment.     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Ibbetson A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations
Ripstein Equality, Responsibility and the Law
Rubio-Marin Immigration as a Democratic Challenge: Citizenship and Inclusion in Germany and the United States     

高校大学生性教育机制研究——社会工作视角下的“青春教育同伴行”实践反思

大学生性教育越来越受到高校的重视，虽然取得了一定的成效，但是其效果并不理想。“青春教育同伴行”的实践告诉我们：大学生性教育的现状不容乐观，仍存在着亟须解决的问题；“青春教育同伴行”实践体系创新了大学生性教育的模式。     

社区服刑人员的帮扶

本文归纳了社区服刑人员面临的主要问题,论述了我国社区矫正帮扶工作的状况和帮扶工作存在的问题,同时就帮扶工作存在问题的解决提出了一些分析意见。     

防治中小学教师对学生性侵犯的措施研究

教师,被称之为"人类灵魂的工程师",他的言行举止,会直接或间接地对学生的身心健康和成长产生重要的影响。然而,随着社会转型向纵深发展,社会文化和人们的价值观都趋向多元化,以及教师职业道德的逐渐滑坡,近年来有关教师体罚、残害,甚至强奸学生等问题屡屡见诸报端,中小学教师对学生的性侵害呈现逐年上升趋势。只有认真分析中小学教师对学生实施性侵害的特点与犯罪原因,才能对如何防治教师对学生的性侵害提出对策措施。     

社会治安高危人员之柔性控管论略

“柔性控管”又称观念性控管，主要方式包括道德、亲情、友情、舆论、宗教等。对高危人员的心理和行为具有不可忽视的约束力，要在信念与现实之间架起畅通的桥梁。下大力气做好高危人群中思想、行为稳定者的就业和社会保障工作，要从消减当下和潜在高危人员绝对数、进而促进社会稳定的战略高度出发，鼓励人们不断强化情感依恋认知、对离婚问题采取慎之又慎的态度。要把高危人员对社会的责任、个人能力和柔性控管有机地联系起来。用这一群体中多数人服务社会、获取成功的过程和结果消减该群体危害社会的几率。采用柔性控管这种方法不仅能够丰富我们的控管方式．也能降低成本。     

Alcohol and Parasomnias: The Statistical Evaluation of the Parasomnia Defense in Sexual Assault,Where Alcohol is Involved

Sleep sex may be a defense for alleged sexual assault. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD3) states: “Disorders of arousal should not be diagnosed in the presence of alcohol intoxication… The former [alcohol blackouts] are exponentially more prevalent.” A panel member of ICSD3, quoting ICSD3 asserts: “alcohol intoxication should rule out a sleep-walking defense”. This implies extremely strong support for a prosecution hypothesis (H_p) over a defense hypothesis (H_d). I use Bayesian methodology to evaluate the evidential probity of alcohol intoxication. The likelihood ratio, LR, measures the amplification of prior odds of guilt, . By Bayes' theorem, . I use data from cross-sectional studies of sexual assault and prevalence of alcohol use, in college students, with data from longitudinal studies, and data from the epidemiology of parasomnias to evaluate LR (alcohol). LR ~1.5 or 5, depending whether alcohol does, or does not, increase the risk of parasomnias. The proposition of extremely strong support for H_p implies a LR ~1,000,000, so the proposition in ICSD3 is not supported by formal analysis. The statistical reasoning in ICSD3 is unclear. There appears to be inversion of the Bayesian conditional (confusing intoxication given assault, and assault given intoxication) and failure to evaluate alcohol intoxication in H_d. Similar statistical errors in R. v Sally Clark are discussed. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine should review the statistical methodology in ICSD3.     

男孩偏好与性别失衡：一个基于需求视角的理论分析框架

出生性别比失衡是在生育转变过程中、具有男孩偏好的国家和地区不可避免的一个社会人口现象,反映出在特定的文化模式下,女性个体利益与家庭和群体利益的矛盾、错位和冲突。本文从需求视角出发,阐述了男孩偏好赖以生存的基础,提出了基于需求视角缓解男孩偏好的初步设想。文中指出,群体层面性别差异的固化,在一定程度上保证了个体层次的人身安全、保障安全、地位安全、自我价值实现。为此,缓解出生性别比失衡必须缓解主体对儿子的需求,从易到难,由表及里,层层剥蚀,集中攻坚：首先找到需求的薄弱环节,并利用性别敏感的替代模式和替代物品来满足主体多方面的需求;然后整合力量,有效动摇儿子需求的根基,缓解男孩偏好,最终达到降低出生性别比的目的。     

Sex,Biological Functions and Social Norms: A Simple Constructivist Theory of Sex

Feminist theory needs a constructivist account of biological sex for at least two reasons. The first is that as long as female and male are the only two sexes that are taken for granted, being cisgender, heterosexual, and preferably a parent will be the norm, and being intersexed, transgender, bi- or homosexual, infertile or voluntarily childless will be deemed failure. The second is the fact that, usually, sex and gender come together in the way that is expected, i.e. the fact that most females are women and most males are men needs to be explained. This paper provides a constructivist theory of sex, which is that the sex categories depend on norms of reproduction. I argue that, because the sex categories are defined according to the two functions or causal roles in reproduction, and biological function is a teleological concept involving purposes, goals, and values, female and male are normative categories. As there are no norms or values in nature, normative categories are social constructions; hence, female and male are not natural but social categories. Once we understand that biological normativity is social, biological norms of heterosexuality, fertility, and so on are no longer incontestable. In addition, as many gender norms also concern reproduction—socially mediated reproduction—this simple theory of sex explains the common confluence of sex and gender.