An Examination of Local Climate Change Policies in the Great Plains

As the United States struggles with national solutions to address climate change, state and local governments have become leaders in both mitigation and adaptation policy. Although a significant and growing body of research targets these policies, most studies have assumed common factors motivating both adaptation and mitigation policy adoption. There remains a need for more research on cities of all sizes, their adoption of specific local policies, the factors motivating those choices, and whether the influences for mitigation differ from those that motivate adaptation. The paper uses data from a new survey of over 200 local governments in eleven states of the Great Plains region, including measures distinguishing between mitigation and adaptation policies. These data are employed to test the relative influence of factors from three areas: the policy environment, the attitudes of governmental actors, and community atmosphere, in explaining observed variation in the adoption of climate change policies.     

论我国小额诉讼程序制度的完善

新修订的民事诉讼法确立了小额诉讼程序制度,对我国民事司法审判格局产生了重要影响。但在实践中,由于立法不完善,规则欠缺,导致出现了在司法过程中小额诉讼程序被基层法院和法官虚置的状况。国外主要发达国家适用小额诉讼程序的实践经验对我国司法实践具有积极的启示借鉴意义。笔者以A、B两地基层法院小额诉讼程序适用的实证调查为基础,提出了降低程序启动标准、降低小额诉讼案件收费标准、成立专门机构、统一审理模式等对策建议,以兹我国小额诉讼程序制度立法司法借鉴与完善。     

中药提取物对应激小鼠肠道上皮内淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数量及IL-2水平的影响

为了观察中药提取物对应激小鼠肠黏膜屏障结构的影响,给10只C57BL/J健康应激小鼠连续灌服中药提取物,7d后光镜下观察小肠上皮内淋巴细胞(IEL)、杯状细胞(GC)的数量变化及测定肠黏膜IL-2的水平。结果显示,应激小鼠的肠黏膜IEL和GC的数量及肠黏膜IL-2水平下降;灌服中药提取物应激小鼠的肠黏膜IEL和GC的数量及肠黏膜IL-2水平与正常对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),而与未灌服中药提取物的应激小鼠相比,上述检测指标有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结果证实,该中药提取物在一定程度上可以增强应激小鼠小肠黏膜的屏障作用并提高小鼠免疫功能,增强抗应激能力。     

Governing concept or political buzzword? Contested perceptions of local control

This article uses a perceptions-based framework to study how local governing actors define local control, and, to identify the determinants of definition alignment among local officials. A mix of survey and administrative data from Wisconsin officials is used to test nine hypotheses. The results indicate there is wide variation in how local government leaders define local control, and that alignment on the concept's meaning is predicted by ideology, perceived erosion of local control, and positional characteristics. The study concludes that local governments should incorporate a working definition of local control in planning and on-boarding processes in order to provide governing relevance to the concept.     

福利国家模式、职业结构与不平等原因

福特主义工业社会向后福特主义服务经济的转变，赋予各类福利国家诸多新特征。从职业分层来看，经济服务化过程中大量专业岗位的创造及其对熟练技能的需求，使得教育以及其他社会政策，越来越成为推动阶层流动的决定力量。从收入分布来看，全球化、去管制化、去工业化与老龄化、经济服务化、城市化的叠加，使得福利国家模式普遍呈现出收入极化或不平等，中产衰退的迹象也比较明显。效率公平权衡的努力，进一步加剧了福利国家模式分化。鉴于高度现代化过程中不断出现的困难和挑战，产业均衡发展，经济政策与社会政策协调，构成稳妥推进共同富裕的重要基础。     

肠益康汤对脾虚泄泻小鼠肠道功能的保护作用

［摘要］目的 观察肠益康汤对脾虚动物肠道菌群失调及胃肠功能异常的调整作用。方法 用大黄诱导脾虚泄泻小鼠模型，连续灌胃给予肠益康汤14 d，采用镜检法测定肠道菌群水平，墨汁印迹法检测小肠推进率，电镜观察小肠黏膜。结果 与模型组比较，肠益康汤高、中、低剂量组小鼠双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量显著增加（P<0.05），肠益康高、中剂量组小鼠小肠碳末推进率显著降低（P<0.05），肠益康汤高、中、低剂量组小鼠小肠黏膜病理改变显著改善。结论 肠益康汤能调节肠道菌群紊乱，抑制脾虚小鼠肠推进功能亢进，并对大黄致脾虚小鼠小肠黏膜的病理改变也有一定的保护作用。     

Are European Elections Second-Order Elections for Everyone?

Second-order election (SOE) theory has been used to explain voting behaviour in European elections. Voters believe that less is at stake in some elections and some voters hence tend to cast a protest vote. However, most studies on the topic have focused on the demand side of SOEs – i.e. on the voters – and have ignored or only partially tackled the supply side – i.e. the strategic behaviour of parties – and excluded small and marginal parties (SMPs). However, SMPs may have greater incentive to seriously compete in SOEs. The 2019 European Parliament elections in Germany were particularly interesting to SMPs as there was no voting threshold, thereby increasing the chances of SMPs. To capture whether SMPs view European elections as first-order elections and therefore expend more resources than parliamentary parties on these elections, I analysed campaign expenditures and manifestos. Results indicate that SMPs act within a rational actor framework, though not unequivocally.     

纸质塑形支架夹板超关节固定治疗上肢关节周围骨折

目的 观察纸质塑形支架夹板超关节固定治疗肩、肘、腕关节周围骨折的临床疗效.方法 采用回顾性研究方法,对1976-2010年2 800例肩、肘、腕关节周围骨折患者,采用传统中医手法整复,纸质塑形支架夹板超关节固定,功能锻炼的方法治疗.采用国家中医药管理局制定的<中医病证诊断疗效标准>来评价疗效.结果 肱骨外科颈骨折组、肱...