加强《食品安全法》监管工作的几点思考

近年来,我国发生了多起食品安全事件,这些事件极大地挑战了我国人民对食品安全的信心。从这些事件中,我们深刻地体会到食品安全立法一定要涵盖＂从农田到餐桌＂的全过程;从这些事件中,我们也更加深刻地体会到监管部门的责任之重大。我国《食品安全法》发布实施一年多了,面对层出不穷的食品安全事件,我们应认真的加以思索。笔者认为有关部门应继续完善和细化现有的食品安全法律法规,强化监管部门执法人员的责任意识,规范企业生产经营管理,提升企业诚信意识,建立科学可行的监管方法,如建立健全食品安全审计制度,建立健全食品安全信用档案等,以加快全社会信用体系的形成与健康发展。     

世界“粮食危机”对印度粮食安全的影响

2007年的世界“粮食危机”引起了国际社会的广泛关注。印度作为中国的邻国及仅次于中国的世界第二人口大国,其粮食安全保障体系如今面临着巨大的挑战。一旦印度粮食危机爆发,不仅会对正在崛起的印度经济社会发展造成巨大影响,而且会波及周边国家乃至世界。因此,我们应当关注印度粮食安全,并寻找应对之策。     

俄罗斯食品安全的外部因素

作为关系国计民生的食品安全问题产生于20世纪70年代。近年来,世界饥饿人口的数量始终保持在8亿人的水平。美国、日本、欧盟等发达国家也存在着食品安全问题,为此,各国都制定了相关的法律、措施和发展纲要。     

Repositioning urban bias: Non-state providers' use of spatialised networks in Bangladesh

Urban bias theory predicts urban areas of developing countries receive disproportionately more resources than rural areas due to their concentration of numerically large, politically important “vote banks.” This has not been the case in Bangladesh. This study finds that this variation occurs due to non-state providers (NSPs) changing the landscape of resource allocation. Operating on the premise that state control leads to more services in urban areas, urban bias fails to account for NSPs as critical service providers. Employing a grounded theory strategy to explore urban-rural dynamics in service provision and to build on urban bias theory, this research highlights interactions between state and non-state actors. It argues that spatialized political networks, networks of formal and informal leadership more difficult to access in urban areas, influence the locality of service provision. Though NSPs recognize increased need in urban areas of Bangladesh, their interventions in those areas remain peripheral due to differing structures of government accountability and differing levels of community acceptance facilitating these networks. The need for NSPs to adapt their activities to restrictive governance mechanisms reflects the changing space for NSPs in the context of semi-democratic regimes.     

Are Power Asymmetries a Reason for the State to Intervene?

Power asymmetries between farmers and slaughterhouses have led the Swiss government to install an independent agency that evaluates the quality of pig and cattle carcasses. This case is used to explore public interventions to mitigate power asymmetries. The independent classification is described and its economic rationale explored. The positions of the most important stakeholders in the system are depicted and the counter-arguments analyzed by objective hermeneutics. It is concluded that public interventions against power asymmetries are no panacea but can be useful to create a just and effective system.     

Young people with cognitive disabilities and overrepresentation in the criminal justice system: service provider perspectives on policing

Young people with cognitive disabilities (YPWCD) are overrepresented as offenders in the criminal justice system. However, most existing research on this topic examines overrepresentation in courts and corrections rather than at the police gatekeeping stage of the criminal justice process. Furthermore, while the views of other groups have been documented, the perspectives of service providers – who often bear witness to YPWCD’s interactions with police – have yet to be examined. This research addresses this gap by analysing qualitative interviews with service providers from Queensland, Australia, using the three most common theoretical explanations for the overrepresentation of PWCD (the susceptibility, differential treatment and psychosocial disadvantage theses) as an analytic framework. A number of implications emerged from the study. There is a need to take a critical and intersectional lens to YPWCD’s experiences, as well as to equip police to work with YPWCD to de-escalate interactions with this group.     

民生保障研究:论适足生活水准权保障与实现

适足生活水准权的实现遵从辅助性原则、国家义务、平等与非歧视原则。食物权、住房权与健康权构成了适足生活水准权最主要的具体权利形态,其实现标准主要有:有效、真实与可接受。适足生活水准权的保障与实现不是孤立的,是与其他人权,如财产权、工作权等,特别是公民权利与政治权利,密切相关。公民权利和政治权利的保障是实现适足生活水准权救济的有效方式。适足生活水准权的实现为呼声日高的民生保障研究提供了新视角。     

当前食品安全犯罪行为的显著特点分析

当前食品安全问题依然严峻,随着公安机关近年来对其打击力度的加大,食品安全犯罪的特点随之发生变化。食品安全犯罪行为的特点,大多是犯罪人刑罚规避的体现,犯罪人会有意识地掩盖犯罪事实,其反侦查能力越来越强,其犯罪行为也变得更加隐蔽。犯罪行为的特点主要体现在犯罪人会采用订单式生产,仓、储、销分离,仓储货值的精确控制,不留存产、销票据以及以合法外衣来掩饰犯罪等。分析近年来公安机关破获的具体案例,总结当前食品安全犯罪的一些显著特点,为公安机关在办理此类案件过程中的线索搜集、案件经营、侦查取证等提供一定的理论参考。     

CRITICAL THINKING ABOUT THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN CHINA’S FOOD SAFETY LAW

We are living in a risk society where people devised the Precautionary Principle in order to minimize the harm caused by risk ex ante. Compared to the previous Food Hygiene Law (FHL) and the 2009 Food Safety Law, the 2015 revised Chinese Food Safety Law (FSL) made a real breakthrough in the sense that it legitimates an important principle in food safety governance. Apart from laying down the fundamental importance of this principle in food safety regulations, the FSL 2015 also invented arrangements from different aspects in order to implement this principle. In other words, the FSL 2015’s incorporation of the Precautionary Principle in a very real sense marked a transition from a demonstrative preventive food safety management regime to a more effective precautionary regime. However, the Precautionary Principle needs to be adopted in a “precautionary” way since this principle has its own limitations and defects. Incautious application of the principle may create new risks. This article compares the European approach in implementing the Precautionary Principle, and examines China’s legal arrangements against negative impacts brought by the Precautionary Principle. Three perspectives are discussed: independence of scientific institutes; proportionality in risk management measures, and the shift of burden of proof for market authorization.