“贴标签”现象与越轨行为的发生——标签理论对个体社会化解释的述评

越轨是指社会群体或个体偏离或违反社会规范的行为。由于人的社会化的原因,以往的社会学家们总是从社会教化、个人内化这两方面出发分析越轨原因。新近出现的标签理论则将其视角转移到越轨行为发生的过程,认为给人随意贴上不良标签会促使越轨行为发生和加剧。     

警事治理:国家警事社会化的新定义

治理理论对国家与市民社会关系的认识思路是国家和市民社会相互"型塑"达致社会公共事务管理的"善治"。在国内外警务战略模式变革中成为潮流的"国家警事社会化"战略,是指在警察机关专业警务活动的同时,动员社会组织和社区公众共同参与防控违法犯罪、维护社会治安秩序活动的过程。显然,"国家警事社会化"寻求警察与社会组织及社区公众的互动合作基础上公共安全管理的改善。因为警察与国家的对应、社会组织及公众正是市民社会的具象,所以可以用治理理论作为分析"国家警事社会化"的框架,并将其定义为"警事治理"。     

警察社会化初探--一个社会学视角

警察社会化是指新警员学习警察文化,养成警察的社会个性,内化警察的思想、行为规范,获得并胜任警察社会角色的过程。其内容包括基本生存方式和技能社会化、政治社会化、行为社会化、个性和生活目标社会化以及角色社会化等。警察社会化无论是对警察个体还是对警察群体都有着重要意义。     

行刑社会化的国际现状与我国发展的历史趋势

开展社区矫正试点工作,是我国对罪犯实行刑罚执行社会化改革的试点之一,也是我国现行刑罚执行制度的一个重要补充。国外刑罚执行社会化主要以教育刑思想为核心,保持较高的假释适用比率,挖掘开放式监狱的过渡功能,推行开放式处遇,保持罪犯矫正的社会参与,适用非监禁刑。我国监狱刑罚执行的重要目的之一在于改造罪犯,贯彻具有我国特色的行刑社会化,是探索完善刑罚执行制度,提高教育改造质量的需要。同时,也是中国刑事司法改革的重要内容。     

社会信用缺失下的我国家族企业发展

我国家族企业发展与经济市场化趋势相背离,在规模不断扩大的同时,内部化趋势进一步强化,重要因素之一在于社会信用缺失。要消除家族企业与市场环境间的矛盾,主要出路在于建设社会信用体系。     

当代中国政治文化内部结构的分化与整合

深入剖析一国政治文化的内部结构及其相互关系对于了解该国政治体系的运作具有重要意义。当代中国政治文化在精英和大众层面都存在着社会主义意识形态、传统政治文化、民主政治文化三种类型的交织与分化,当代中国政治文化的整合与创新应以培育和发展出有中国特色的以权利、民主、法治为核心理念的社会主义公民文化为指向,政治社会化对于政治文化整合与更新尤为重要。     

和谐社会构建时期的警察社会化研究

警察社会化是指新警员或警察学员学习警察文化,养成警察职业群体的社会个性,内化警察职业群体的思想、价值、行为规范,获取并担当警察社会角色的过程。适应构建社会主义和谐社会的要求,适时实现警察社会化有着重要的现实意义。在和谐社会构建时期,警察社会化主要包括警察基本生存方式和技能社会化、警察政治社会化、警察行为社会化、警察个性和生活目标社会化以及警察角色社会化。     

和谐语境下我国民间教会的现实困境及理性选择

当前我国民间教会因其活动对社会不具有显性危害而被政府默许存在,但同时也无法得到政府及法律的承认,这样的生存状况使民间教会在发展中可能面临无序化及职能变异的风险后果。防范民间教会无序化及异化风险的理性选择是尽快在医疗、教育等领域对民间教会开放,以充分发挥民间教会与生俱来的公益属性;制定统一的《民间教会登记法》,使民间教会的信仰得到政府的承认;加强民间教会自我约束机制的建设,为民间教会的有序发展提供一个有效的制度空间。     

Feeling guilty to remain innocent: the moderating effect of sex on guilt responses to rule-violating behavior in adolescent legal socialization

Legal socialization researchers have ignored the role of emotions such as guilt to explain rule-violating behavior (RVB). The purpose of Study 1 was to determine if anticipated guilt or guilt proneness was a better predictor of RVB. Participants were 325 university students who completed an online questionnaire. Correlations indicated that both measures were related significantly to RVB; however, when both were entered into a multiple regression as predictors, only anticipated guilt was significant. This suggested that anticipated guilt was a stronger predictor of RVB than guilt proneness. The purpose of Study 2 was to investigate the effects of anticipated guilt on future RVB while controlling for the integrated legal socialization variables. Participants were 283 middle school and 187 high school students. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict students' future engagement in RVB. Anticipated guilt predicted RVB for middle school and high school students. However, sex moderated these effects. Male students low in anticipated guilt committed more RVBs than male students high in guilt. Female high school students showed a similar effect but not at the same magnitude as the male students. Guilt had no significant effect on RVB for female middle school students. Implications for the findings are discussed.     

The Russian Constitutional Court: The First Term

An American political scientist and constitutional scholar recounts the development, and analyzes the procedures and backstage activities, of Russia's highest judicial body. The study, based in part on personal interviews, traces the constitutional court's political influence up through the pivotal conflict between the Parliament's Speaker Khasbulatov and President Yel'tsin during the last week of March 1993. In addition to major decisions, notably that which followed 52 sessions from May 26 to December 16, 1992 devoted to the trial of the CPSU, the narrative focuses on the role of Chief Justice Zor'kin. Also discussed are the court's legislative mandate, its expanding caseload and legal shortcomings. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H11, K10, K41, P20.