Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Attitude toward Clients: A Study of Work Group Influence in the Dutch and Belgian Tax Administration

Abstract

Classic street-level bureaucracy literature has suggested that individual bureaucrats are shaped by their work group. Work group colleagues can impact how bureaucrats perceive clients and how they behave toward them. Building on theories of work group socialization, social representation, and social identification, we investigate if and how the attitude of individual street-level bureaucrats toward clients is shaped by the client-attitude of the bureaucrat’s work group colleagues. We also test whether this relation is dependent on conditions of attitudinal homogeneity and perceived cohesion of the work group. Results of a survey among street-level bureaucrats in the Dutch and Belgian tax administration (1245 respondents from 210 work groups) suggest that different mechanisms underlie the work group’s impact on the individual street-level bureaucrat in this specific attitude. The analysis furthermore reveals that work groups have a limited impact on the individual’s client-attitude. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

论法律社会化的进路

始于80年代的中国法律社会化运动,舍理念采实证法律知识社会化的进路选择偏差是导致公民法律信仰依旧缺失的重要原因。法律信仰是法治的内在驱动力,因此,法律信仰的培育是我国法律社会化的核心进路。     

Voice in the Classroom: How an Open Classroom Climate Fosters Political Engagement Among Adolescents

Does civics instruction have an impact on the political engagement of adolescents? If so, how? Analysis of data from CIVED, a major study of civic education conducted in 1999, finds that an open classroom climate has a positive impact on adolescents’ civic knowledge and appreciation of political conflict, even upon controlling for numerous individual, classroom, school, and district characteristics. Furthermore, an open classroom environment fosters young people’s intention to be an informed voter. Results further show that exposure to an open classroom climate at school can partially compensate for the disadvantages of young people with low socioeconomic status.     

Political Socialization in Context: The Effect of Political Competition on Youth Voter Turnout

Adolescence is an important time for political development. Researchers have concentrated on the family as the sole socializing agent of youths; however, as Campbell, Gimpel, and others have shown, political contexts also matter for young citizens. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the Record of American Democracy, and election outcomes data, I find that adolescents who resided in politically competitive locales or states have higher turnout years later compared to those who lived in uncompetitive contexts. These effects are not mediated by the home political environment and act through political socialization. This research adds to a growing literature on the influence of political contexts on political behavior and is the first to explore how political competition during adolescence influences voter turnout in young adulthood.

Racial Socialization and Racial Identity: African American Parents’ Messages About Race as Precursors to Identity

This study uses two waves of data to examine the relationships among patterns of racial socialization experiences and racial identity in a sample of 358 African American adolescents (60% female and 40% male). Using latent class analyses, we identified three patterns of adolescent-reported racial socialization experiences: High Positive, Moderate Positive, and Low Frequency. Adolescent-reported racial socialization experiences at Wave 1 were associated with Wave 2 adolescent racial identity approximately one year later. Specifically, High Positive and Low Frequency racial socialization were associated with racial centrality, assimilationist ideology, and nationalist ideology. These findings suggest that various patterns of racial socialization practices play an important role in the developing significance and meaning that African American adolescents ascribe to race.

警察社会化的过程探析

警察社会化是指新警员或警察学员(包括正在警察院校接受普通高等教育的预备警员和那些接受继续教育的警察学员等)学习警察文化,养成警察的社会个性,内化警察的思想、行为规范,获得并扮演警察社会角色的过程。探析警察社会化的整个过程,可将其分为选择阶段、培训阶段、磨合阶段和提高阶段。     

寄宿制学校物业管理模式的构建与实施

随着我国物业管理事业的发展和社会的进步,物业管理经营领域也在不断扩展,寄宿制学校实施规范化的物业管理,可充分利用学校的办学资源,为学校提供专业化的优质物业管理服务,也大大缩短了学校的行政管理链条,使学校的组织结构和教学框架得到了优化,从而有利于确保学校教学质量的提高.因此,探讨和分析寄宿制学校物业管理的特点和规律具有十分重要的现实意义.     

湖南省社会化养老现状分析

社会化养老是社会发展必然趋势,任何一个较好解决养老问题的国家或地区,其社会化养老程度都比较高,因此,分析湖南社会化养老现状与存在的问题,制订对策,实属必要.     

Political socialization,political gender gaps and the intergenerational transmission of left-right ideology

While left and right are the main terms to distinguish political views in Western Europe, the family socialization of citizens has mainly been studied in terms of partisan preferences rather than identification with these ideological blocks. Therefore, this study investigates the intergenerational transmission of left-right ideological positions in two European multiparty systems. To investigate expectations regarding gendered patterns in political socialization, ideological transmission between mothers, fathers, daughters and sons are analyzed, making use of German and Swiss household data. The results underline the relevance of the family in the transmission of political ideology in multiparty systems, showing high contemporary parent–child concordance in ideological positioning in line with classic work in political socialization. Moreover, the study demonstrates how the gender-generation gap in political ideology is consequential for this process. Young women consistently place themselves on the left of men across all combinations of parental ideology, which indicates that the gender-generation gap trumps other gendered patterns in intergenerational transmission. Consequently, daughters are less likely than sons to take over their parents’ rightist positions, while parent–son transmission is equally large on the left and the right. This also means that left-leaning parents have a general advantage over right-leaning parents in having their ideological identification reproduced by their daughters. The study highlights the importance of differentiating between the transmission of left- and right-wing ideology in political socialization processes. Moreover, it demonstrates that the distinction by offspring gender is imperative when studying the intergenerational transmission of traits that display gender differences within and between parental and offspring generations. The findings point at the active role of especially female offspring in the political socialization process, as they seem to be more strongly impacted by influences outside the family that sustain generational processes of further gender realignment.     

我国环境侵权责任保险制度之构建

责任社会化的提出是现代法学对现代社会的积极回应。环境侵权责任保险是基于投保人与保险人之间的环境侵权责任保险合同,由保险人在特定的环境侵权赔偿责任发生时,向受害人赔付一定金额的一种责任保险制度。环境侵权责任保险是责任社会化理论在环境侵权赔偿问题上的具体应用。在当代中国,解决环境纠纷的制度设计矛盾重重,尤其是受害人补偿问题。建构中国的环境侵权责任保险制度将是解决这些问题的现实路径。