国家与社会博弈逻辑中的乡村自治

本文沿着“推进村民自治的目的,民主主体理性的培养,自治主体的组织化,旧非正式组织的改造,正式组织的革新,乡村与国家权力边界的界定,社会权力的扩张,两种民主的结合”这一前后相继的分析路径,求解乡村自治问题。     

试论当前道德困境与道德他律建设

在社会转型期，道德建设面临前所未有的挑战。在道德他律弱化。道德导向失去作用的情况下。必须强化道德他律机制，以增强道德约束力。     

Patterns of Middle School Adjustment and Ninth Grade Adaptation of Rural African American Youth: Grades and Substance Use

The transition to high school has been identified as a potentially difficult time in adolescents’ lives. Reductions in both academic and social functioning often accompany this transition. While these effects have been documented in urban youth, the move to high school has not been extensively studied in rural minority youth. Toward that end, the academic grades and substance use in ninth grade of 447 (184 male and 263 female) African-American adolescents from two rural counties in a state in the deep South were examined in relation to configurations of adaptation from sixth through eighth grade. Results indicate that individual with consistently positive patterns across middle school had higher grades and lower rates of substance use compared to individuals with persistent difficulties or those that transitioned to problem behavior. Many individuals who improved in their patterns of adaptation had relatively high grades, but also rather high rates of substance use in the ninth grade. David B. Estell is an assistant professor of educational psychology at Indiana University Bloomington. He received his PhD in Developmental Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests include peer relations and the development of aggression. Thomas W. Farmer is an associate professor of education at Pennsylvania State University and director of the National Research Center on Rural Education Support. He received his PhD in Special Education from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests include peer relations and the development of aggression in students with and without special needs. Matthew J. Irvin is a research scientist at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He received his PhD in Educational Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His major research interests include resilience and student engagement. Jana H. Thompson is a research associate at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research interests include peer social relations and developmental transitions into early adolescence. Bryan C. Hutchins is a research assistant at the Center for Developmental Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is also a graduate student in the Educational Psychology, Measurement, and Evaluation Program at UNC. His research interests include child and adolescent social development and school based emotional and behavioral interventions and prevention programs. Erin M. McDonough is currently a doctoral candidate in School Psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Emory University. As a research assistant at the Center for Developmental Science, she has been able to explore her interests in student achievement as well as rural education. Another major research interest of hers is school-based mental health.     

外交政策中的非物质诉求——国家声誉研究

国家声誉属于外交政策中的非物质性诉求当中一个重要因素。本文主要围绕国家声誉的本体实在、认识层次、前提假设以及作用条件展开论述。本文首先阐明国家声誉的理性基础是知识理性,然后对国家声誉因素展开本体论、认识论的分析,并指出声誉因素起作用的边界条件。文章最后就国家声誉在实践中的运用做了案例分析。     

试论我国习惯的地位及与国家法的关系——以“合会”为中心的考察

通过对合会这一广泛存在的民间融资习惯的分析,初步探讨习惯在我国的地位及其与国家法之间的关系.首先分别阐述了合会在制定法上与实际生活中的地位,认为国家制订法应当认可习惯,而习惯由于传统外在权威的缺失去也需要国家法的确认.在此基础上从实然和应然的层面探讨了习惯和国家法之间的关系,指出从现实角度来看,在司法、执法环节,习惯被国家法默认;而从理想的角度来看,习惯应当被国家立法所认可.     

Factors in successful program implementation in Russia during the transition: pilot programs as a guide

While much of the implementation literature over the past several decades has recognised the importance of context (e.g. in issues of institutional culture, degree of hierarchy), little of the literature comparing the results of numerous program implementation experiences examines the experience of non‐Western contexts. This study seeks to partially fill this gap by applying the ‘conventional wisdom’ of implementation theory to program implementation experience in Russia. We analyse the implementation of 18 demonstration projects in Russia against 9 success factors identified in the implementation literature. Most of the pilots involved multiple cities; so there are a total of 48 city‐case observations to study. Overall, the findings are that the factors associated with successful program implementation among OECD countries are also those at work in Russia's transitional economy. The weights associated with the various factors may differ, however. One could imagine, for example, that political support counts for more in Russia than in the western local governments. One might also believe that opportunities for learning from other implementers could be more important in the West, where professional associations are more highly developed. The core finding of consistency should be valuable to administrators across transitional economies who can now refer to the rich findings of implementation research with greater confidence of its applicability to their programs. Perhaps equally important is the finding that some of the same factors predominantly associated with successful or troubled implementation in Russia have similar effects in implementation examples drawn from transition and developing nations; there are, however, some important differences. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Independent regulatory agencies in Turkey: are they really autonomous?

This article examines the autonomy of independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) in Turkey. It explores, first, the different factors that have led to the creation of IRAs and second, the legislative basis of their formal or de jure autonomy. Thereafter, the article assesses the extent to which this formal autonomy is really put in practice and how it is perceived by board members. The enquiry was conducted through a survey comprising interviews and a questionnaire applied to the same. It concludes that although formal autonomy is satisfactorily provided for by law, government tends to limit this autonomy through secondary legislation. Consequently, there are some constraints on the actual use of autonomy. Concerning de facto autonomy, survey findings show that boards are exposed to external and internal pressures and interference in their deliberations. Thus, the assumption that ‘the greater the autonomy the more efficient the management’ is questioned. The main sources of pressure on board members are from the regulated sectors themselves. These findings have an important bearing on democracy and the political–administrative interface, as it is confronted by market forces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

农村集体土地国有化是完善我国土地制度的必然选择

我国现行的城乡二元土地制度的弊端已经成为土地资源科学利用的最大障碍。调整农村土地集体所有制为国家所有制有利于促进农村土地的市场化、商品化；有利于实现农村剩余劳动力的自由、有效转移；有利于国内外资本向农村的投入；有利于土地资源的科学利用和我国工业化与城市化的发展。农村土地国有化不是对农民利益的剥夺，而是农民、国家和集体的共赢。具有实行的可能性。因此，我们应加快立法与改革的步伐，积极稳妥地推动农村集体土地国有化的进程。     

从公共行政人员角色变迁看行政伦理

在转型期 ,公共行政人员的道德缺失显得不可避免 ,尽管有各种解决方案 ,但行政伦理仍然不可或缺。但对“公仆”的传统定位无助于形成合理的对行政伦理的理解。引入当前政府治道变革中的“顾客导向”使得公仆的定位回归到应有的位置 ,在这个维度行政伦理同样重要 ,且有助于实现公众期望与公共行政人员行为的契合。在此基础上 ,行政伦理制度化刻不容缓     

试论中国有组织犯罪的演变及其成因

根据有组织犯罪的发展形态及特征 ,中国有组织犯罪按时间序列可分为三个阶段。作为观照社会问题的一类研究范式 ,“国家———社会”这一范式对于探讨有组织犯罪的演变及成因具有一定的意义。与中国有组织犯罪的不同发展时期相对应 ,国家与社会之间的关系发展呈现出不同的特点 ,而这些特点也是有组织犯罪形成与发展的重要原因。