V.A.T., Taxation and Prostitution: Feminist Perspectives on Polok

Debates concerning the taxation of prostitution have occurred in taxation law and in feminist literature. This article will integrate the case of Polok v. C.E.C. [2002] E.W.H.C, 156; [2002] S.T.C. 361, within the feminist legal canon. The case is discussed in the context of the argument of the European doctrine of fiscal neutrality, which dictates that, regardless of legality as amongst member states, if an activity is levied to V.A.T. in one member state, V.A.T. should be levied on it in all member states. The doctrine of sovereignty accepts the possibility that the integrity of the V.A.T. system may be compromised by the levying of tax on illegal activities, in terms of the cooperation between tax and other aspects of the U.K.’s legal system. European law, feminist law, commodification and the marketplace are all considered within the context of these principles. The article also considers the place of Polok within standard feminist texts on prostitution. Different paradigms of prostitution define different aspects of prostitution as ‘problems’, and the article considers the implications within a feminist reconstruction of Polok of this. The article suggests that the challenge for a feminist analysis of Polok is to remain within the realm of European tax and competition law, and to render the perspective of the employees of the Polok taxpayers part of the substance of the deliberations of the case.     

西方女权主义思想在中国的变异

西方女权主义思想在 2 0世纪的中国遭遇到尴尬 ,尤其是对“女权主义”这一外来词语形成的种种曲解或误解 ,造成了众多女性学者对于“女权主义者”立场的不认同等 ,而隐于这种现象背后的原因在于异质的中西文化。女权主义与中国特定的文化相遇和碰撞 ,产生了某种程度的变异 ,由原来激进的、女性自主的行动演变为温和的、有男权参与的、凭借社会政治手段实现的解放妇女的运动。“女权主义”与“女性主义”、“妇女解放”与“解放妇女”的差异不应仅仅被视为词语的偏正关系的变化 ,而更有着深刻的内在民族文化心理上的原因。     

女书:我们的终结,抑或我们的开始

女性在女书中以“我们”的身份言说并存在,藉此放逐父权制。书写与被书写同样危险,我们没有聋,可是我们却哑了。文本意图受到了女书本身表述的破坏,女性在使用女书时掺入男性异质,削弱了女书自身构建的权威,在与男性争夺话语权时显得力不从心。放逐最终遭到放逐。颠覆父权制必须动用男性话语的概念,在其文本内寻找颠覆模式。女书的终结是消除二元对立的必然要求,标志着两性对话进入了新的时代。     

BritCrits: Subversion and submission,past, present and future

This article explores some of the intellectual influences which have shaped the development of Critical Legal Studies in Britain and the contexts in which these influences made themselves felt. It then considers which influences might or should steer Critical Legal Studies in the future. In terms of the past, specific attention is given to the influence of Marxism, Freud and Lacan, feminism, Foucault and Derrida, and recent genres of history-writing. As to the future, the question is asked whether Critical Legal Studies will engage constructively with recent developments in the life sciences and the philosophy of science, and, more generally, whether it will be able to surpass its established mooring in the philosophy of history. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

From Sancitity to Screening: Genetic Disabilities, Risk and Rhetorical Strategies in Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Conception Cases

This analysis scrutinises the rhetorical strategies used by judges in wrongful life and wrongful birth actions as evidence for the assertion that the judicial reading of public policy in such cases has undergone a significant shift which is likely to accelerate as genetic knowledge grows and health care resources shrink. The implications of the predicted move towards increased genetic testing of prospective parents are traversed in relation to feminist analyses of the impact of genetics on reproductive technology. These are viewed as forming a nexus with the current social constructions of disability and the contemporary cultural preoccupation with risk, in a context of the increasing commercial importance of genetic information. It is argued that women cannot make free and informed choices about genetic testing and pregnancy unless legal and social mechanisms which protect those choices are in place. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

跨国公司人权责任研究——人权法新发展及中国的应对机制

跨国公司作为私的行为主体，是否应当承担国际人权责任，成为尚无普遍共识的议题。在民族国家并存的国际社会结构体系内，基于人权目的，由跨国公司母国及东道国对跨国公司的人权违反行为实施防范或惩处行动，被设定为最佳模式。在构建政府主导模式的同时，我国应充分培育和发挥民间人权力量，推动跨国公司尊重和保护人权。     

跨国公司人权责任之法哲学考量与实证分析

尊重和保护人权是传统国际法主体应尽的责任。跨国公司作为私的行为主体，是否应当承担国际人权责任或言承担何种性质的国际人权责任，尚无普遍共识。在民族、国家并存的国际社会结构体系内，基于人权目的，由跨国公司母国及东道国对跨国公司的人权违反行为实施防范或惩处行动，被设定为最佳模式。我国应积极参与国际组织制定跨国公司人权责任体系的行动，表达中国立场。在构建政府主导模式的同时，我国应充分培育和发挥民间人权力量，推动跨国公司尊重和保护人权。     

妇女权利研究的思维转换

既有的妇女权利研究模式在理论上存在诸多的问题,这迫使我们不得不进行思维的转换。这种转换具体体现在以下三个方面:首先,从女性伦理视角出发,加入关怀因素,在具体事务中去理解与关心女性,从而走出传统价值本身所具有的二分性因素的对立。其次,从后现代女性主义的研究视角出发,强调和尊重人的差异性和多元性,反对平等与差异的对立,倡导传统法律话语的转变。最后,从更深层次中超越本质性与建构性的二元化对立,走向一条没有男女划分的发展道路。     

试论跨国公司的社会责任

As for international direct investment, the transnational corporations are playing a leading role in the fields of international trade, international investment and international intellectual property. In theory and reality, this authors analyze the rationale of the social responsibilities taken by transnational corporations, the main problems in the social responsibilities of transnational corporations and the legislative status, and put forward the functions of the social responsibilities of transnational corporations in promotion of the legal construction of socialist market economy, the reform of the corporate governance and the development of transnational corporations in China. Wang Chuanli, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of China University of Political Science and Law, Vice-chairman of China Society of International Economic Law, and Vice-chairman of Research Institute of WTO Law (China Law Society), also Arbitrator of China International Economic & Trade Arbitration Commission and Beijing Arbitration Commission. Her main publications are “The Legal Effectiveness of Foreign Economic Contracts”, “International Trade Law of Sales of Goods”, “International Protection of Intellectual Property Rights” and “International Trade Law Government Control on Business”. Moreover, she has published over ten influential discourses on international economic law. In addition, her ongoing research projects include WTO Agriculture Agreement and the Rules of International Agri-products Trade, WTO and International Core labor Standards, and the Role of Judicial Independence of European Court of Justice to Promote the Integration of Europe.