A Genealogy: Tracing the Origins of Museum Admission Charges

Using Jim Scheurich's “Policy Archeology” as a theoretical framework, a genealogy of museum admission charges in the United States is presented. The three factors that ultimately led to the implementation and expansion of charges are the income/expenses balance, isomorphism within the museum field, and the philosophical stance of museums regarding the public purpose of the institution. These factors are tracked from early museum history through the 1980s, when admission charges become a new norm in the field.     

GENDER,NEIGHBORHOOD DANGER,AND RISK‐AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES AMONG URBAN AFRICAN‐AMERICAN YOUTHS*

Research consistently reveals that fear of crime and perceived risk are demographically and ecologically patterned. Women and individuals in disadvantaged community settings report increased fear and perceptions of risk. For women, these fears and perceptions are tied to concerns about sexual violence specifically, whereas for individuals in distressed neighborhoods, crime rates, “incivilities,” and poor police‐community relations are often identified as important correlates. Here, we build from the insights of previous research by examining the gendered nature of perceived risk and risk‐management strategies among urban African‐American adolescents. Our findings suggest that both risk and risk‐avoidance strategies are strikingly different for young women and young men and are shaped by the gendered organizational features of neighborhood life. We propose that future research will benefit by continuing to investigate how social vulnerabilities function in tandem to structure risks across ecological settings.     

城市居民委员会自治现状及法律原因分析

城市居民委员会具有宪法和法律赋予的独立法律地位与人格,在实现社区居民自治过程中应当发挥积极作用。然而,政府的不当干涉,群众的参与不足以及居委会的自我放任,使得这一制度的价值近乎流失。文章以法律为视角,指出应从立法、执法、守法和监督救济诸方面入手,来完善城市居民自治制度。     

我国城市贫困儿童福利研究：回顾与展望

近年来，理论界围绕我国城市贫困儿童福利政策与福利服务展开一系列研究，有关福利政策、教育救助与最低生活保障制度是大多数学者们关注的焦点，而有关福利服务方面的研究则较少。后续研究有望在研究角度、研究内容与对象、研究方法等方面有所突破。     

A farewell to urban/rural bias: peripheral finance capitalism in Mexico

Based on a discussion of the structural transformation of the Mexican economy, this paper investigates the impact of financialization on agriculture’s role in capitalist development. It argues that the peripheral financialized economy is a rural–urban economy. On the one hand, agriculture and industry are bifurcated into a growing export sector and a stagnating local economy, and there are no functional ‘developmental’ links between capitalist agriculture and industry. On the other hand, the economic structures have resulted in the consolidation of a huge mass of rural–urban ‘classes of labour’. Capitalist agriculture and industry are linked through and dependent on cheap labour sustaining the export economy. I argue that the current economic formation is not due to ‘urban bias’, ‘rural bias’ or any misallocation of resources among economic sectors. Rather, it can be explained in relation to ‘finance bias’: the taking over of debt relations as the key driving force of economic activities. A major contradiction in peripheral finance capitalism arises from the financing of cheap labour through debt. This is likely to result in new financial crisis, when the contradictions between increasing levels of (private and public) debt, a stagnating domestic economy, and below-subsistence level wages become too large.     

论我国城市新型巡防机制的建立和完善

当前,我国城市巡防机制建设中主要存在巡防工作领导体系不够健全、巡防保障没有纳入规范渠道、巡防作战单元划分不够科学以及巡防综合效能尚未充分显现等问题。建立和完善城市新型巡防机制建设,总的思路是把城市巡防机制建设纳入平安创建大局,积极争取党委、政府的重视和支持,按照推广巡防勤务方式与建立专职巡防队伍协调发展的总体要求,抓紧建立健全巡防机构设置、管理体系、职能定位、勤务规范、保障机制,推动城市巡防工作步入规范运转轨道,充分发挥巡防机制在社会治安防控体系中的核心支撑作用。其基本路径主要有建立健全巡防工作体系、建立健全巡防保障措施等。     

晚清至民国西部工商业和城市困顿探析

在中国近代工业的起步阶段，西部地区曾有一些企业较早创办，但除一二家企业勉强维持外，其余均昙花一现，相继停闭。除了自身因素，还因为中国近代企业的创办，主要不是基于中国自身的发展，而是得助于外来资金和技术的注入，而这是西部所明显欠缺的。同一时期，除了大宗出口商品长途运销外，西部省份的土产运销范围狭窄，商业发展和变革迟滞。与此相关，西部的城市化进程普遍滞后。缺乏近代城市对经济发展的促动和引领，是晚清至民国西部经济落后于东部的具体表现，也是这种落后长期延续的原因之一。     

身体迁移与性别遭遇——基于外来媳妇城市融合经历的分析

根据对北京市东城区某街道辖区内外来媳妇的三年跟踪调查，发现外来媳妇作为北京市流动人口中一个特殊的群体，经历着复杂的身体与性别遭遇。她们大多日常交往圈子狭窄、社会支持体系比较残缺，承受较大的生育压力和生殖健康风险，具有强烈的市民化意愿和比较明显的“相对剥夺感”。要做好外来媳妇城市融合工作，需要民政、公安、卫生、社会保障、财政等多部门联合行动，营造公平环境，强化资源支持，拓宽服务范围。     

依托社区少先队平台开展融合教育的实践研究

为满足城乡学生的融合需要,创设一个从校内到校外和谐统一的融合环境,宁波市北仑区霞浦小学充分依托社区少先队组织机制、支持机制、活动阵地等平台,创设各种教育途径和活动,引导学生增进相互交往与理解,培育社会主义核心价值观中的“友善”品质,培养爱乡情怀与公民素养,这种新时期学校依托社区少先队平台开展融合教育途径与模式的探索和研究,对于接纳外来务工子女就读的城市公办学校开展融合教育具有重要的借鉴意义.     

共同体﹑共同体精神与城市社区——以上海市临港新城为例

该文选取了现代社会中一个小范围且典型的事例——城市社区,试图探讨在现代城市社区中共同体及其精神存在的必要性,并通过分析临港新城主城区的各个社区所具有的多方面特质,寻找培育共同体及其精神的可行路径。