An Investigation of Normal Urine with a Creatinine Concentration Under the Cutoff of 20 mg/dL for Specimen Validity Testing in a Toxicology Laboratory,

In clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories, one commonly used method for urine specimen validity testing is creatinine concentration. In this study, workplace guidelines are examined to determine their relevance to forensic and clinical toxicology samples. Specifically, it investigates the occurrence of urine creatinine concentrations under 20 mg/dL and notes potential issues with factors influencing creatinine concentration by utilizing a simple, novel method consisting of cation‐paring high‐pressure liquid chromatography in tandem with ultraviolet detection to determine the creatinine concentration in 3019 donors. Of the 4227 sample population in this study, 209 (4.94%) were below the cutoff value of 20 mg/dL for dilute urine. Because there are many factors that can influence the urinary creatinine concentration, samples that have creatinine under the 20 mg/dL cutoff do not always implicate sample adulteration.     

TRANSFERRED JUVENILES IN THE ERA OF SENTENCING GUIDELINES: EXAMINING JUDICIAL DEPARTURES FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS IN ADULT CRIMINAL COURT*

This study contributes to contemporary research on the punishment of juvenile offenders in adult court by analyzing the use of guidelines departures for transferred juveniles in two states, one with presumptive sentencing guidelines (Pennsylvania) and one with voluntary guidelines (Maryland). Propensity score matching is first used to create more comparable samples of juvenile and young adult offenders, and then Tobit regressions are employed to estimate the effect of juvenile status on the likelihood and length of departures. Our findings indicate that juvenile status significantly affects the use of upward departures in Pennsylvania, and the use of both downward and upward departures in Maryland. Judicial reasons for departure are examined to provide additional insight into the complex dynamics surrounding exceptional sentences for juvenile offenders sentenced in adult court.     

Punishment in Indian Country: Ironies of Federal Punishment of Native Americans

Native Americans are US citizens, but they are also tribal nationals subject to complex and unique criminal jurisdiction arrangements over Indian lands. Tribal nations typically have tribal court jurisdiction over less serious crimes, but for serious crimes the federal justice system often supersedes tribal authority, exposing Native Americans to more severe punishments. In addition, recent federal programs have attempted to foster greater tribal/federal criminal justice coupling. Yet, examinations of criminal punishment of Native Americans are few, and most are outdated and/or of very limited generalizability. We examine the punishment of Native American defendants in federal court, focusing on 28 federal districts with substantial Indian presence. Using recent US Sentencing Commission data, as well as contextual data from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and tribal courts, we focus on differences in the federal sentencing of Native American defendants, and how these differences are conditioned by indicators of tribal-federal criminal justice coupling.     

“真”的有效性证明标准

并非所有被确证为“真”的事实命题都能作为法律推理的小前提(判决结论的事实依据)。作为法律推理的小前提的“真”的事实命题必须(一)是“有用的”,即符合实体法律规范,对得出当事人是否应当承担刑事责任、民事责任或行政责任具有实质意义的事实命题;(二)是“能用的”,即符合程序法律规范,将那些诸如通过“刑讯逼供”、“诱供”等严重违反程序法律规范的证据排除在定案证据之外,最大限度地保护诉讼当事人的合法权益不受非法侵害。“有用性”和“能用性”是“真”的有效性证明标准。     

关于我国群体性事件的几点思考

文章对我国群体性事件从几个不同的截面进行了剖析：从科学稳定观分析了群体性事件发生的必然性,分别从民主政治、行为学、历史视角对群体性事件的起因、行为过程以及危害性作了探讨,从综合分析的办法入手提出了解决群体性事件的“四字”方针。     

Community Consultation in Victorian Local Government: A Case of Mixing Metaphors?

This article draws on a three-year collaborative research project investigating how community consultation is practised by Victorian councils, especially in relation to multiple publics and groups that councils can find 'hard to reach'. Based on an analysis of consultation documents, this article looks at councils' understanding of community consultation and underlying assumptions, the expected outcomes and how this is translated into guidance for practice. The research demonstrates that councils aim to consult to provide a range of outcomes, but there is a lack of clarity about how to choose and use the appropriate combination of consultation tool(s) and public(s) to facilitate these. Councils are also unclear about how the outcomes of consultation feed into existing decision-making processes and the implications of this for democratic legitimacy. This is in part due to the fact that the conceptual tensions around consultation and the democratic process are apparent not so much by virtue of what is said about them, but of what is not said. The article begins by outlining the conceptual and definitional problems associated with consultation using typologies of public participation. We investigate how typologies inform the consultation documents developed by councils and in how far they support practice. We then address the need to involve multiple publics and the vexed issue of who is hard to reach and why they should be consulted.     

《新时代公民道德建设实施纲要》的新义解读－－基于两个《纲要》比较的研究

《新时代公民道德建设实施纲要》立足于中国特色社会主义新时代的历史背景，阐释了公民道德建设的诸多新义：结合中国特色社会主义新时代的社会转型背景阐释了当代中国公民道德建设的新形势下，实现中华优秀传统道德文化的创新性现代转化开掘其世界意义的文化使命；在公民道德建设的内容方面，阐明了个人品德作为公民道德建设第四个着力点的必要性及个人品德建设中的实践问题；在实践举措方面，提出了全学科、全过程、全阵地的道德教育理念；阐明了社会新媒介化态势下公民道德建设的新任务；加强网络空间道德建设与道德领域热点问题的引导。在公共政策的设计、制定和实施执行方面，明确了公共政策的道德要求，提出了加强对公共政策道德风险与道德效果评估的新要求。     

林业领域职务犯罪调查标准细化与路径指引

当前,林业领域职务犯罪呈现多样性、复杂性、隐蔽性的发展态势。随着监察委员会调查、检察机关起诉、法院审判新机制的建立,对林业领域职务犯罪的调查模式必须进行检视。在调查标准上,要进一步明确相关规定,细化罪名与立案标准。在调查路径上,要实现主动型调查,建立和完善调查机制,运用信息化科技手段,使用司法会计检查和鉴定技术方法,实现"由证促审、证供互动",不断提升调查能力,进而提升打击林业领域职务犯罪的效能,形成对该类犯罪的高压态势。     

Terrorism and the media: Problems,solutions, and counterproblems

This article is divided into two main parts. The first part frames the problem of “terrorism and the media” in terms of a complex interaction involving three kinds of relationships. The first is the relationship between terrorists and governments; the second is the relationship between terrorists and the media; and the third is the relationship between government and the media. The second part examines the specific roles of the media in covering terrorism and the impact of such coverage. Four kinds of solutions to the problems deriving from this impact are examined in turn: the use of media guidelines, the use of legislation and legal sanctions, media‐government cooperation, and training and education. Finally, the practicality of these solutions is examined by highlighting the kinds of problems or “counterproblems” that are inherent in each solution.     

信息化立法的指导思想与基本原则

信息化是指在特定地域范围内以实现信息资源的极大丰富及其被高效率地共享为目的的行为过程及状态.目前,信息化立法已经被提到国家和各地立法日程上来.本文从信息化的内涵、目的出发,探讨了信息化立法的指导思想、基本原则及信息化立法尤其是狭义的信息化立法--信息化法的主要内容.