Tax incentives for innovation: time to restructure the R&;E tax credit

The R&E tax credit has never been effective and subsequent attempts to restructure it have not addressed the major deficiencies. Moreover, in the 25 years since the R&E tax credit was enacted, a steadily increasing number of countries have implemented or expanded competing tax incentives, which in many cases are better structured and larger in size. As a result, the relative impact of the US credit is now negative in terms of incentives to conduct R&D within the domestic economy. The inadequacy of the credit stems largely from its small size and its incremental format. The impact of an R&D tax incentive is affected by its scope of coverage, the ability of industry to take advantage of it over the entire R&D cycle, the magnitude of the incentive relative to other nations’ tax policies, and its ease of implementation. In the end, a tax incentive must sufficiently lower the user’s cost of R&D to overcome barriers to allocation of private-sector resources commensurate with the potential rates of return on such investments. As a policy instrument, a tax incentive for R&D should be most effective if its form is a flat rate applied to all R&D.

新世纪中国涉外税收立法面临的挑战与对策

面对WTO规则给中国涉外税法带来的冲击、网络贸易给税收执行带来的新课题、立法对于转让定价的外延设定过小、对避税行为缺乏法律制约等因素的存在,从多视角对我国涉外税收政策面临的严峻挑战进行评析,进而对如何调整我国涉外税收立法价值取向进行了探讨。     

论非均衡经济制度下税法的公平与效率

我国的非均衡经济制度创造了举世瞩目的经济奇迹,这得益于社会转轨时期两种经济模式并存,其制度资源新旧交替的溢出,令"效率优先,兼顾公平"的基本原则左右逢源;然而,贫富失衡的社会必须内生衡平的法律机理予以回应,作为转移支付实现社会财富公平分享的税法,其调节功能的非均衡构造和回应只有在特定的本土制度资源的基础上对症下药,以税负的实质性公平原则契合现实的不平衡状态,方能达到共富和谐的理想目标。     

后农业税时代乡镇政府职能的合理化界定

后农业税时代给农村基层政府的定位是"服务型政府"。乡镇政府要尽快走出现阶段面临的一系列困境,必须理顺纵横关系,构建科学合理的分权体制;细分公共产品,构建互动合作的供给机制;激活民间力量,实现乡村治理的模式转换,才能最终实现从"自利性"向公益性的转型。     

Does commitment affect the meaning of fairness?: Commonality and stability of fairness criteria in a political setting

This study explored political fairness criteria in Japan: examining their commonality and stability. Respondents were divided into three groups according to their commitment to the incumbent Government, as measured by neutrality, trust, and respect. Regression analyses revealed that Procedural Fairness was the commonly used criterion in judging the total fairness of the consumption tax. Citizens' commitment affected fairness criteria and their relative weights. Another regression analysis was performed to examine the meaning of procedural fairness. A comparison with our previous study (Takenishi and Takenishi, 1990) indicated that the procedural fairness criteria remained stable: however, voice became a criterion because of the Government's campaign. Results suggested than democratic ethicality, which consists of social values and beliefs, was important.Each author contributed equally.     

我国非营利组织税收优惠制度的最新发展及存在的问题

2008年以来,一系列法律法规的出台极大地完善了中国非营利组织的税收优惠制度。这些突破性的进展包括符合条件的非营利组织的收入免交企业所得税,对向非营利组织捐赠的企业和个人实行税收优惠,明确了申请公益性捐赠税前扣除资格的条件和程序。但税收优惠仅涉及所得税,其他税种尚未完善,实行税收优惠制度的主体未考虑大量的草根非营利组织,法律法规执行效率较低,以及对营利性收入征税的困惑。解决上述问题首先应转变观念,充分认识非营利组织的重要性,其次应通过信息公开加强监管,最后还要加强非营利组织自身的建设。     

Establishing of chemical composition of printing ink

The subject of the examinations was primarily court tax marks of 50 and 200 PLN, which were suspected not to be genuine. Both inks on the questioned marks as well as comparative genuine marks and inks sent by the manufacturer were analyzed. No information about their chemical composition was available from manufacturer. In the examinations, infrared (IR), visible, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectrometry were used. The examinations showed that inks and glue on the marks of both values were the same as samples of those sent by the manufacturer. Discrepancies in some results were observed probably due to contamination, that is, an accidental presence of the foreign substance on the surface (e.g., sweat, saliva while sticking the marks to the surface or physical handling of the documents). It was concluded that there are original (genuine) court tax marks.     

论追缴税款、加收滞纳金之行政行为的法律救济途径——以一起税务行政纠纷案件为例

追缴税款、加收滞纳金的行政行为不属于行政处罚或纳税争议,而可以被认为是行政机关违法要求履行义务的行为。对该行政行为的救济程序应当是“可复议可诉讼”——“对复议不服再起诉”的一般救济程序。《行政诉讼法》司法解释第33条第二款应被认为授予了当事人选择性的诉讼权利。     

非营利组织税收政策的双重效应分析

由于非营利组织在公益服务领域的特殊地位和作用,各国政府普遍采用了优惠的税收政策来支持其发展.各国对非营利组织税法规制具有优惠性、特殊性和限制性等一些共同特征,其形成原因是由于宗教自由、弥补政府和市场缺陷等方面的需要.该项政策对非营利组织和社会经济发展具有双重效应.我国应积极借鉴他国政府这一方面税法规制政策的经验和做法,努力改善对我国非营利部门的税收管理工作,以促进我国非营利组织的健康发展.     

代议制与公共财政——近代西方代议制宪政模式的形成及其作用机理分析

宪政包含着责任政府原则,其核心价值之一,就在于确保国家权力的公共性,以便保证国家权力用于公共服务。透视近代西方国家宪政的发展历程,就会注意到近代西方国家的宪政模式是代议制,而代议制宪政模式的作用机理又是与国家财政的公共化建构紧密联系在一起的。代议制既是近代西方国家的宪政模式,又是近代西方国家财政公共化建构的制度之基。因为,只有确保国家财政的公共化才能确保国家权力的公共性。这也正是近代西方宪政模式与其古典和中世纪时期宪政模式的不同之处:后者主要是通过司法来规制国王所代表的行政权力,表现为司法型宪政模式;而前者主要是通过议会对国家财政的公共化组建和监管,来实施对行政权力的政治规范和约束,表现为代议制型宪政模式。