公平视野下的德国简化税法改革方案——基于保罗·基尔希霍夫教授税收正义理论的公法学思考

保罗·基尔希霍夫教授提出的税制改革方案主要借助取消不必要的类型化区分、确立中立法律形式下的课税表达、对婚姻和家庭的特别保护、减少例外规则以及简化税收程序等来实现税收正义。税收不仅仅是政治上的现实,其改革思路的起点恰在于税收背后的宪法理念:宪政体制下的租税国家、人格图像并函摄了基本权利主客观面向的理论基础,即对国家共同体及任务有着共同价值观的自由而有个性的人必然要求处于国家所保障的自由经济体制下的税收法律予以相匹配的规制,它具体表现为以减少纳税人税收形成可能性为目标,保障国家对个人经济成果最温和分享以及减少例外的原则。     

Contextual variation in interdependent policy making: The case of tax competition

Many studies show that policy makers react to the policy choices made in other jurisdictions, but we still know relatively little about the factors driving interdependent policy making, especially about how context shapes interdependence. Theoretical arguments suggest that contextual factors, such as stable institutions and geographic location, explain variation in interdependence. However, there is a lack of empirical research investigating contextual heterogeneity in interdependent policy making, mainly because it cannot be analysed with standard spatial econometric methods. This article introduces multilevel modeling that allows the study of contextual variation in interdependence and illustrates the method with the analysis of uneven tax competition in Switzerland. The findings of fine‐grained data show that cantonal governments compete more strongly with their competitors the closer a unit is located to a metropolis with comprehensive public good provision. The analysis demonstrates that we can better understand the mechanisms of interdependent policy making by studying its contextual drivers.     

我国非营利组织税收优惠制度的最新发展及存在的问题

2008年以来,一系列法律法规的出台极大地完善了中国非营利组织的税收优惠制度。这些突破性的进展包括符合条件的非营利组织的收入免交企业所得税,对向非营利组织捐赠的企业和个人实行税收优惠,明确了申请公益性捐赠税前扣除资格的条件和程序。但税收优惠仅涉及所得税,其他税种尚未完善,实行税收优惠制度的主体未考虑大量的草根非营利组织,法律法规执行效率较低,以及对营利性收入征税的困惑。解决上述问题首先应转变观念,充分认识非营利组织的重要性,其次应通过信息公开加强监管,最后还要加强非营利组织自身的建设。     

由中外房地产税收政策看我国房地产税制改革

房地产税收作为税制体系中的重要组成部分,主要涉及房地产开发和销售环节、房地产持有和使用环节、房地产转让环节所课征的各类税收.对中外各国不同环节的房地产税收政策进行归纳和比较,对于中国的房地产税制改革有借鉴意义.     

Establishing of chemical composition of printing ink

The subject of the examinations was primarily court tax marks of 50 and 200 PLN, which were suspected not to be genuine. Both inks on the questioned marks as well as comparative genuine marks and inks sent by the manufacturer were analyzed. No information about their chemical composition was available from manufacturer. In the examinations, infrared (IR), visible, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectrometry were used. The examinations showed that inks and glue on the marks of both values were the same as samples of those sent by the manufacturer. Discrepancies in some results were observed probably due to contamination, that is, an accidental presence of the foreign substance on the surface (e.g., sweat, saliva while sticking the marks to the surface or physical handling of the documents). It was concluded that there are original (genuine) court tax marks.