Democracy promotion: the relationship of political parties and civil society

Organizations involved in the growing field of democracy promotion need to find effective ways to aid both political parties and civil organizations and, where necessary, to foster close collaboration between them. But they also must respect their autonomy and help them realize their own democratic objectives. It is important to recognize the differences between the two sectors: civil society should not be subordinate to parties, and it would be a mistake to wrap the party sector into an undifferentiated concept of civil society. Strategies to assist democracy should, then, distinguish between four main political contexts: authoritarian; emerging democracy; post-dictatorial situations where government is not committed to democracy; and war-torn or post-conflict countries.     

脱落毛发线粒体DNA HV1区序列测定的研究

目的　对脱落毛发线粒体DNAHV1区序列测定方法进行研究。方法　嵌合扩增结合末端荧光标记DNA测序。结果　对 2 0例脱落毛发进行分析获得了明确的测序结果 ,与来自同一个体的血液所测得的DNA序列进行比较 ,完全相同。结论　嵌合扩增在对脱落毛发进行线粒体DNA多变区序列分析中是一种有效的方法 ,在法医DNA检验中具有实用价值。     

Global attributes or local literacy? International students in Japan’s graduate employment system

International students graduating from Japanese universities are becoming an important component of graduate recruitment strategy in globalising Japanese firms. They are praised for possessing exactly the kinds of attributes seen as lacking in their Japanese counterparts – such as intercultural communication skills, self-confidence and a competitive spirit. Their value is also emphasised in national policies addressing the human resource challenges of globalisation. Higher education policy-makers, too, are increasingly conscious of the need to connect efforts to attract international students to Japan with strategies to maximise their utility in the Japanese workforce. To succeed in the job market, however, international students are required to conform to the conventions of graduate job-hunting. Career support services offered by universities and third-party intermediaries tend to focus on bringing students into line with these conventions rather than developing alternatives thereto. This article explores this interface between policies and practices surrounding international graduate job-seekers, analysing the positions of several different stakeholders – including the job-seekers themselves – in order to develop a more critical understanding of the possible outcomes of current moves towards internationalisation of higher education and employment in Japan and the future of the graduate job-placement system itself. The article highlights a paradox whereby the ‘global’ attributes that underpin the expectations placed on international students originally are overshadowed by a concern with testing local socio-cultural literacy through the application of the conventional norms and practices of the graduate job hunt.     

三种刑事审判对象模式之比较研究

英美法系诉因模式的基本特点是刑事审判对象是诉因,法官和检察官原则上无权变更诉因;大陆法系公诉事实模式的基本特点是刑事审判对象是公诉事实,法官有权在公诉事实同一的范围内变更指控罪名;日本公诉事实同一下的诉因模式的基本特点是刑事审判对象是诉因,检察官有权在公诉事实同一范围内变更诉因。三种刑事审判对象模式之间的差异导致它们在不同诉讼价值的实现上各有优劣,刑事审判对象模式上的差异根源于审判方式上的差异。随着审判方式的相互吸收和融合,刑事审判对象模式之间的差异逐渐变小。     

常染色体STR突变基因座父权指数计算

目的概括归纳常染色体STR突变基因座的父权指数计算方法,以在实际检案中应用推广。方法根据目前对常染色体STR基因座突变的认识,用经验递减模型从基因座突变率计算等位基因突变率,分别推导在标准三联体和二联体亲子鉴定中STR突变基因座的父权指数计算式,并举例进行演算。结果总结了在标准三联体鉴定中,只允许假设父突变和既允许假设父也允许母发生突变时,以及二联体鉴定时X和Y的计算式。结论STR基因座发生突变时计算得的父权指数明显低于未发生突变时,提示要检测更多的遗传标记才能使累积父权指数达到认定亲权关系的标准。     

Genetic identification of the mummified fetus

During executing some activities by the police, a mummified human fetus was accidentally revealed on a scrap of paper. It came from pregnancy considerably not carried to term, lasting about 2.5 lunar months. Medical examination did not give evidence of mechanical manipulation such as abortion or disintegration. The aim of the study was the genetic identification of the mummified fetus and an answer to the question if an indicated supposed mother was the mother of the fetus. In the study a relevant factor was maternity confirmation by means of statistic calculations.     

The Upper Silesia (Poland) population and forensic usefulness of 15 autosomal STR loci

Allele frequencies, forensic parameters for the 15 STR loci in the AmpFlSTR^® Identifiler Kit (Applied Biosystems), D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D19S433, VWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA were determined in a sample of 150 unrelated dead and alive adults from the Upper Silesia region (Poland). The values of heterozygosity (Ht), polymorphic information content (PIC), power of discrimination (PD), matching probability (PM), mean exclusion chance (MEC) and mean exclusion probability (MEP) were calculated. Possible divergence from HWE was determined. Comparison of allele frequencies for examined STR loci between the Upper Silesia population and other Polish populations was carried out.     

Observation of tri-allelic patterns in autosomal STRs during routine casework

We report three cases of tri-allelic patterns observed during routine forensic casework on 5964 Belgian residents. These individuals had been typed for the following 15 autosomal STRs: CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, vWA, FGA, TH01, TPOX, D2S1338 and D19S433.The first example of a tri-allelic pattern had the genotype 13;15;16 for the D8S1179 locus. In the second observation there was 16;21;22 pattern for the D18S51 locus. The third case had the alleles 10;11;13 also for D18S51.All cases belonged to the Type I tri-allelic pattern, with three uneven peaks, the sum of the heights of both smaller peaks equalling the height of the tallest peak.Three cases in 5964 typed individuals is a frequency for tri-allelic patterns in autosomal STRs of 0.05%.     

Grundbücherliche Anmerkung der schriftlichen WE-Zusage setzt beglaubigte Unterfertigung durch den WE-Organisator/Liegenschaftseigentümer voraus

An die schriftliche WE-Zusage des WE-Organisators an den WE-Bewerber gem § 2 Abs 6 Satz 1 WEG 2002 sind nach hA "keine allzu strengen Anforderungen" zu stellen. Ebenso wie § 24a Abs 2 WEG 1975 iVm § 53 Abs 3 (analog) GBG verlangt auch § 40 Abs 2 WEG 2002 für den Grundbuchsantrag, gerichtet auf Anmerkung der Zusage der WE-Begründung, die gerichtlich oder notariell beglaubigte Unterschrift des WE-Organisators; falls dieser nicht Liegenschaftseigentümer ist, die beglaubigte Unterfertigung durch Letzteren. Der nach § 37 Abs 1 und § 40 Abs 2, 1. Satz, WEG 2002 verbesserte Interessenausgleich zwischen dem (den) WE-Organisator(en) und den WE-Bewerbern verst?rkt die Begründung des Beglaubigungserfordernisses.