Jedem Wohnungseigentümer vertraglich gegenüber dem WE-Organisator zustehende Gewährleistungs- und Schadenersatzansprüche an allgemeinen Teilen der WE-Liegenschaft sind durch Mehrheitsbeschluss gerichtlich durchsetzbar

Nach stRsp ist jeder Wohnungseigentümer aus seinem Kaufvertrag heraus zur Geltendmachung von Gew?hrleistungs- und Schadenersatzansprüchen gegenüber dem WE-Organisator auch an allgemeinen Teilen der WE-Liegenschaft aktivlegitimiert. Die Mehrheit der Wohnungseigentümer kann sowohl die prozessuale Geltendmachung dieser Ansprüche (hier: auf Schadenersatz aus mangelhaft durchgeführten Sanierungsarbeiten) beschlie?en als auch deren Durchsetzung nach § 18 Abs 2 WEG 2002 idF WRN 2006 an die Eigentümergemeinschaft abtreten. Ein vertraglicher Gew?hrleistungsausschluss steht § 38 Abs 1 WEG 2002 (§ 24 Abs 1 WEG 1975) entgegen und ist somit rechtsunwirksam. Diese Bestimmung ist nicht nur auf neu zu errichtende WE-Anlagen anzuwenden.     

Patrolling Public Schools: The Impact of Funding for School Police on Student Discipline and Long‐term Education Outcomes

As police officers have become increasingly common in U.S. public schools, their role in school discipline has often expanded. While there is growing public debate about the consequences of police presence in schools, there is scant evidence of the impact of police on student discipline and academic outcomes. This paper provides the first quasi‐experimental estimate of funding for school police on student outcomes, leveraging variation in federal Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) grants. Exploiting detailed data on over 2.5 million students in Texas, I find that federal grants for police in schools increase middle school discipline rates by 6 percent. The rise in discipline is driven by sanctions for low‐level offenses or school code of conduct violations. Further, I find that Black students experience the largest increases in discipline. I also find that exposure to a three‐year federal grant for school police is associated with a 2.5 percent decrease in high school graduation rates and a 4 percent decrease in college enrollment rates.     

中国PPP政策工具选择及其选择模式研究——基于中央政策的文本分析

为深入了解我国PPP政策工具选择现状,基于政策工具视角,采用文本内容分析方法,以中央政府层面(2013-2017年)颁布的PPP政策文本为分析对象,从政策工具、政策目标、项目生命周期三个维度构建了PPP政策三维分析框架。研究发现:PPP政策工具选择偏好明显,在基本政策工具维度上偏重环境型政策工具,政策目标维度偏重PPP模式推广和合作环境营造,项目生命周期维度偏重项目采购与执行;PPP政策工具选择模式明显,具体表现为两种模式四条路径。     

egr-miR-71过表达对绵羊PBMCs蛋白组的差异表达分析

为了探究细粒棘球绦虫(Echinococcus granulosus)来源的miR-71(egr-miR-71)对绵羊外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)蛋白组的影响。本研究使用密度梯度离心法分离得到绵羊PBMCs,并使用电穿孔法将egr-miR-71转染至绵羊PBMCs,用qPCR检测转染效率。基于iTRAQ方法,对比分析egr-miR-71过表达对绵羊PBMCs蛋白表达的影响,通过qPCR和Western-blotting对骨髓源性生长因子(MYDGF)转录水平和翻译水平进行验证。结果显示,绵羊PBMCs转染egr-miR-71模拟物后,miR-71的相对表达量极显著上调(P<0.01)。利用iTRAQ共鉴定出7642个蛋白质,其中157个呈差异表达,与对照组相比,68个蛋白显著上调,89个蛋白显著下调。下调的蛋白主要包括巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(MIF)、MYDGF、酰基辅酶A结合蛋白(ACBP)和碳酸酐酶(CAs)等。这些差异蛋白主要参与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)等信号通路。qPCR和Western-blotting结果显示,与对照组相比,模拟物转染组中MYDGF转录和翻译水平均显著下调(P<0.05)。通过对转染egr-miR-71后绵羊PBMCs的蛋白进行组学分析,初步了解了egr-miR-71对绵羊PMBCs表达蛋白的调控,鉴定出的差异蛋白可能在细粒棘球蚴与宿主互作中发挥重要作用。这为深入研究细粒棘球绦虫的感染机制提供了思路,也为新型抗包虫病药物的研发提供了理论依据。     

Urbanization,Rural Mobility,and New Class Relations in Darjeeling,India

Throughout the developing world, rapid urbanization is leading to new social relations and new conflicts between urban and (formerly) rural populations. This paper examines this process of change through a detailed examination of changing rural–urban relations in the town of Darjeeling, in the Himalayan foothills in Eastern India. In Darjeeling, increased rural mobility, accelerated rural-to-urban migration and the increased participation of rural people in local politics have led to major changes in the town. We demonstrate that the upward trajectory of rural classes who were previously subordinate is leading the more established urban residents to feel threatened, resulting in a redrawing of local political issues along rural–urban lines and a reconfiguration of class consciousness and social relations. The urban middle class, whose opportunities in the town have stagnated or declined, see rural migrants as a source of competition for increasingly scarce resources and blame them for the overall decline in the quality of urban life. They mobilize their (predominantly cultural) capital to reinforce markers of cultural distinction between them and the rural migrants and to delegitimize the political gains they have made. We argue that rural–urban conflict is emerging as the chief source of tension in the town and that this tension is largely grounded in class issues.     

Agricultural service delivery: strengthening private crop protection service in southern Ethiopia

As one element of agricultural service delivery, in Ethiopia crop protection service has generally only involved the private sector on a small scale. This article outlines a case study where private crop protection service (PCPS) was strengthened from 2006 to 2010 in Halaba Special District, southern Ethiopia. The study used questionnaires, analysis, service comparison, ranking, and indicator-based assessments. The study shows that PCPS in 2007/08 crop seasons served 1,104 households on 1,707?ha of land in 19 Kebeles, contributing US$327,752 in total. Assessment indicators values were better for PCPS than the informal crop protection service. Piloting PCPS strengthening is recommended to improve crop protection service and reduce crop loss in Ethiopia.     

Are there “women’s crops”? A new tool for gender and agriculture

A “Gender Control Tool” was developed to measure women’s control over decision-making for agricultural production, sales, and use of income. The tool was tested for groundnuts in Eastern Province, Zambia, where mechanisation has increased male participation in groundnut shelling, and for goats in Gwanda district, Zimbabwe, where the introduction of auctions has increased investment and sales. A mixed methods approach was used, that involved focus group discussions (FGDs) and a quantitative household survey. This article compares the results obtained from these two methods and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the tool in understanding how commercialisation affects women’s control.     

Landholding size and farmers’ access to credit and its utilisation in Pakistan

This article reports on a study that aimed to investigate the differences in access to, and utilisation of, agricultural credit among subsistence farmers in Pakistan. Primary data were collected from 87 randomly selected subsistence farmers. Results show that subsistence farmers with more land had greater access and utilisation, and that education, experience, type of farmer, and landholding size were significant factors influencing access to credit. As subsistence farmers with the least land were the most disadvantaged, there is a need for revamping the credit policy to protect their interests. Moreover, simplifying the existing complex procedures involved in securing agricultural credit is highly recommended.     

Controlling gully erosion: an analysis of land reclamation processes in Chambal Valley,India

Programmes for environmental protection and land reclamation have been deeply embedded in local political and social contexts. This article focuses on the effectiveness of such measures to control ravine erosion in the lower Chambal Valley, one of the most degraded regions in India. The study used field observation to see whether the measures had any impact on further gully and ravine formation. The findings suggest that agricultural practices, including those often based on the short-term economic needs of households, lead to inefficient land-use practices, particularly in land-levelled and reclaimed areas.     

Municipality and food security promotion for disabled people: evidence from north-eastern Thailand

This article puts forward a qualitative method for analysing the role of municipalities in promoting food security for people with disabilities, and examining barriers that affect their food access and food utilisation. Findings from face-to-face interviews with mayors, street vendors, and disabled persons from three major municipalities in north-eastern Thailand clearly indicate that a lack of knowledge of food security among mayors and street vendors, and financial restrictions suffered by families, have become insurmountable barriers to food among people with disabilities. The article recommends that municipalities should create paid employment for people with disabilities and incorporate universal design into infrastructure improvement.