Anfechtung eines Umlaufbeschlusses nach § 24 Abs 6 und § 29 Abs 1 WEG 2002 bei "Seitenwechsel" der Verfahrenspartei oder durch "Beitritt" des AG als ASt?

Im wohnrechtlichen Au?erstreitverfahren ist die Berichtigung der Parteienbezeichnung analog zu § 235 Abs 5 ZPO gro?zügig handzuhaben; aus dem Antragsinhalt muss sich nur zweifelsfrei ergeben, gegen wen sich der Antrag richtet. Da die Beschlussanfechtung nach § 24 Abs 6 WEG 2002 gegen "die übrigen Wohnungseigentümer" zu richten ist, sind AG s?mtliche nicht antragstellenden Wohnungseigentümer. Ein Wohnungseigentümer kann einen Mehrheitsbeschluss auch dann anfechten, wenn er diesem zun?chst zugestimmt hat und nunmehr behauptet, es sei ihm bei der Stimmabgabe ein Irrtum unterlaufen. Ein überstimmter Wohnungseigentümer (= AG) kann im Beschlussanfechtungsverfahren innerhalb der Anfechtungsfrist die "Seite wechseln", indem er dem Verfahren als ASt beitritt.     

Global principles for sustainable biofuel production and trade

This article examines international attempts to regulate the production of and trade in biofuels by establishing criteria and indicators and certification schemes. It focuses on the norms underlying the criteria and the community constructed on the basis of them. The theoretical approach here rests on a discussion of these norms and on their constitutive role. This role creates a community and gives an institutional basis for the global public domain. Accordingly, different norms create the network on which environmental governance is based. It is assumed that commonly accepted criteria form a common norm. The article analyses eleven criteria and indicator systems and compares the criteria adopted. Eight were created for biofuels and bioenergy and three are used in forest certification. Comparison reveals that the criterion aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is used in Northern systems, whereas commonly accepted environmental criteria are biodiversity and minimization of pollution. The web of norms on which biofuel production and trade is based comprises environmental norms together with the general norm of sovereignty and the norms of the market economy.

The Initial Changes of Fat Deposits During the Decomposition of Human and Pig Remains

Abstract:  The early stages of adipocere formation in both pig and human adipose tissue in aqueous environments have been investigated. The aims were to determine the short-term changes occurring to fat deposits during decomposition and to ascertain the suitability of pigs as models for human decomposition. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from both species after immersion in distilled water for up to six months was compared using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Changes associated with decomposition were observed, but no adipocere was formed during the initial month of decomposition for either tissue type. Early-stage adipocere formation in pig samples during later months was detected. The variable time courses for adipose tissue decomposition were attributed to differences in the distribution of total fatty acids between species. Variations in the amount of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were also detected between species. The study shows that differences in total fatty acid composition between species need to be considered when interpreting results from experimental decomposition studies using pigs as human body analogs.     

Automated consent through privacy agents: Legal requirements and technical architecture

The changes imposed by new information technologies, especially pervasive computing and the Internet, require a deep reflection on the fundamental values underlying privacy and the best way to achieve their protection. The explicit consent of the data subject, which is a cornerstone of most data protection regulations, is a typical example of requirement which is very difficult to put into practice in the new world of “pervasive computing” where many data communications necessarily occur without the users' notice. In this paper, we argue that an architecture based on “Privacy Agents” can make privacy rights protection more effective, provided however that this architecture meets a number of legal requirements to ensure the validity of consent delivered through such Privacy Agents. We first present a legal analysis of consent considering successively (1) its nature; (2) its essential features (qualities and defects) and (3) its formal requirements. Then we draw the lessons of this legal analysis for the design of a valid architecture based on Privacy Agents. To conclude, we suggest an implementation of this architecture proposed in a multidisciplinary project involving lawyers and computer scientists.     

Zwei verschiedene Begriffe "Vermietung" (ein gemeinschaftsrechtlicher und ein zivilrechtlicher) im UStG 1994?

Ungeachtet des Umstandes, dass der Text des UStG 1994 insoweit gleich lautende Tatbestandsmerkmale verwendet, ist der Begriff "Vermietung" nur im § 6 Abs 1 Z 16 und im § 10 Abs 1 Z 4 UStG 1994 im gemeinschaftsrechtlichen Sinn auszulegen, nicht auch – sondern im zivilrechtlichen Sinn – im § 2 Abs 3 UStG 1994 (iZm K?rperschaften ?ffentlichen Rechts).     

The European Commission's Opinions under Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive

The contribution examines the Opinions which the European Commissionhas issued so far under Article 6(4) of Directive 92/43 (HabitatsDirective). It examines Member States' reasoning for justifyingthe application of Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive inthe light of the European Court of Justice rulings, and comesto the conclusion that probably not one of the cases submittedwould have been accepted by the Court.     

Anion Identification via Complexation with meso‐octamethylcalix(4)pyrrole and Detection Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry*

Abstract: The routine identification of controlled substances and adulterants during forensic chemistry analysis often involves the identification of counter ions or salt forms present in an exhibit. Here, the use of the compound meso‐octamethylcalix(4)pyrrole (C4P) during salt‐form identification analysis is presented. C4P is a commercially‐available, anion‐binding agent that can be reacted with a controlled substance or adulterant, resulting in the sequestration of anionic species, usually present as counter ions to the active ingredient. Formation of noncovalent complexes between the cyclic host C4P compound and anionic guests is investigated using electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). Complexes with chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and acetate are readily observed and mass spectrometry analysis provides identification via molecular weight characterization. Chloride and bromide complexes are also characterized by the isotopic distribution of their molecular ions. Formation of host–guest complexes is not observed for sulfate and phosphate salts, presumably due to steric hindrance and energetically unfavorable conditions.     

大鼠尺神经损伤平面与修复时间对神经传导速度的影响

目的观察尺神经损伤修复后功能恢复情况,用于确定鉴定时间。方法 52只大鼠分别按肘部和腕部分组制作尺神经损伤模型,并按伤后即刻、1、3、6月时间组分别进行修复,饲养3月后检测尺神经运动传导速度（MCV）。所得数据采用SPSS 11.5统计软件包进行统计学分析,组间比较采用配对t检验、单因素方差分析和两组独立样本的t检验。结果大鼠各实验组修复侧尺神经MCV与正常组相比,明显下降,有显著性差异,且尺神经损伤后的修复时间越晚,MCV越慢,各组间差异有统计学意义;相同修复时间、不同损伤平面（肘部和腕部）实验组修复侧之间MCV变化无统计学意义。结论大鼠尺神经损伤后的MCV变化,与伤后距离修复时间的长短呈负相关,与损伤平面无明显关系。以此可选择最佳鉴定时间。     

遗传标记微单倍型在法医学中的研究进展

微单倍型作为一种新型的法医学遗传标记,在国际法医学界已经引起了越来越多的关注。微单倍型是在较短片段内(例如200bp),包含2个或以上个SNP,具有单倍型多态性的序列。相较于STR,微单倍型突变率低,在混合斑鉴定中具有一定优势;与SNP相比较,微单倍型的多态性更高。选择含有祖先信息特征的微单倍型,在种群分析鉴定中具有应用价值。本文就微单倍型的演变,分型方法,命名及群体特征等方面作一综述。     

Case of Fatal Starvation: Can Stable Isotope Analysis Serve to Support Morphological Diagnosis and Approximate the Length of Starvation?

The diagnosis of death as a result of starvation is established on anthropological measurements, visual appearance of the deceased on external and internal examination, microscopic analysis, laboratory testing, and exclusion of other causes of death. Herein, we present our findings on a case of 95‐year‐old man who died of starvation. After the diagnosis of starvation was established by traditional forensic medicine methods, we have conducted retrospective segmental analysis of stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotope ratios in hair sample. This method reveals periods of starvation through decrease in δ¹³C and increase in δ¹⁵N along the strand of hair. Our analysis revealed the decrease of 0.6 ‰ in δ¹³C during the last 10–12 weeks prior to death, similar as reported in other investigations. Also, a decrease of 0.7 ‰ in δ¹⁵N during the last 8–10 weeks prior to death was determined that was different than observed in previous studies.