AGB-Kontrolle,Entgeltänderungsklausel / Begrenzung des Wertverlusts nach Wandlung

Die im Rahmen einer Verbandsklage gebotene Auslegung von AGB im kundenfeindlichsten Sinn ergibt, dass die generalklauselhafte Formulierung "?nderung von Z?llen, ?nderungen oder Neueinführung von Abgaben, Ausstattungs?nderungen aufgrund zwingender gesetzlicher Vorschriften" der Bekl gestatten würde, nicht ausreichend vorausbestimmte Preiserh?hungen vorzunehmen. An das Erfordernis, dass eine Klausel "im Einzelnen ausgehandelt" wurde, ist ein strenger Ma?stab anzulegen: Es reicht nicht aus, dass sie zwischen den Vertragsteilen blo? er?rtert und dem Verbraucher bewusst gemacht worden ist oder dass der Unternehmer darauf blo? durch entsprechende graphische Besonderheiten (Fettoder Farbdruck, Hervorhebung usw) hingewiesen hat.     

Latent fingermark development on a range of porous substrates using ninhydrin analogs--a comparison with ninhydrin and 1,8-diazofluoren

Three relatively new reagents for developing latent fingermarks on porous substrates, 1,2-indandione (IND), 5-methylthioninhydrin (5-MTN), and lawsone, are compared with the more widely used ninhydrin and 1,8-diazofluoren (DFO). Developed latent fingermark visualization on 10 different substrates comprising colored papers, cardboard, and cellophane rather than conventional printer and writing/notepad paper is assessed using latent fingermark deposits from 48 donors. Results show improved fluorescent fingermark visualization using IND compared with DFO on a range of colored cardboards and thick white paper, thus extending the range of substrates known to yield improved visualization with IND. Adding zinc chloride to IND failed to yield any further improvement in fluorescent fingermark visualization. 5-MTN (with and without zinc chloride posttreatment) showed no improvement in visualization compared with ninhydrin and DFO although visible fingermarks were developed. Lawsone produced fluorescent visible fingermarks only with white substrates, which were inferior to those produced with DFO.     

中美软实力在G20峰会中的比较研究——从国际媒体引用的视角

本文从G20峰会期间国际媒体引用的视角来比较中美两国的软实力。研究发现,中国被国际媒体的提及率高于美国;但美国金融机构受国际媒体的关注度高于中国;中国的发稿量比美国略高,但中美两国都远低于欧洲;欧洲媒体对中国高度关注,对美国却表现出揶揄和失望的情绪。中国正表现出在软实力领域的快速提升。     

From Pax Americana to Pax Mosaica? Bargaining over a New Economic Order

While the economic rise of new powers, frequently identified as the ‘BRICs’ (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), has been dramatic, the implications of this emerging multipolarity for global economic governance are not clear. In this paper, we address the question: can the diffusion of power among a greater diversity of countries result in the creation of a new global economic order—a Pax Mosaica—to succeed the Pax Americana of the previous century? Our argument proceeds in four steps. First, we provide a brief overview of the achievements and limitations of the system that was established at the end of World War II, and lasted for over half a century in the form of Pax Americana. In the second section, we investigate the emergence of multipolarity, and highlight the opportunities and costs that this generates. In the third section, we explore the routes whereby the changing balance of power might be harnessed towards the creation of a Pax Mosaica. We do so by posing four sets of questions, which must be answered if the mosaic distribution of power is to lead to greater economic stability, growth, and peace. The fourth section concludes the paper with ideas for reform with reference to the World Trade Organization, the Bretton Woods institutions, and the G20.     

关于1960年代中国与东欧五国关系的若干问题——来自中国档案文献的新证据

1960年代中苏关系走向分裂时期,中国与苏联东欧集团中的保、捷、东德、匈、波五国的关系,受到中苏关系演变的约束,随着中苏两党两国关系的变化而起伏波动。1960年代初期中苏关系一度实现缓和后,中国与东欧五国的关系也随之呈现冷热交替,以争取缓和为主的特点。1962年末63年初,中苏围绕古巴导弹危机和中印边界冲突问题开始酝酿新的斗争。中共将对苏方针调整为以斗争、进攻为基调,准备与苏共进行论战;苏共则部署东欧五国在东欧四国党代会上对中共展开批判。中共与苏东集团意识形态公开论战开始。随着中国文化大革命运动的启动,中苏边界冲突逐步升级为局部战争,中苏关系进入敌对状态,中国与东欧五国关系也严重恶化。1960年代中国对东欧五国方针的变化,总体上与中国的对苏方针同步发展,但也有不同的内容和特点,根据时期的演进呈现出不同的变化。中国以分化苏东集团为主要目的而采取的区别对待方针突出反映在中波关系上。就总体言之,1960年代中共对东欧五国的方针既不断变化,又相互矛盾,其结果非但没有达到分化苏东集团的目的,反而在某种程度上加强了苏东集团的凝聚力。     

BrowStEx: A tool to aggregate browser storage artifacts for forensic analysis

Web storage or browser storage, a new client-side data storage feature, was recommended as a part of the HTML5 specifications and now widely adopted by major web browser vendors. Web storage with native browser support has changed the paradigm of web application development unprecedentedly because persistent data storage with increased data size can be realized on the client. Web storage is poised to quickly become an area of particular interest for forensic investigators due to the potential to discover critical information from web browser artifacts at client side. However, the literature work on web browser forensics has traditionally focused on browsing history, browser cache, and cookie files (Oh et al., 2011). Therefore, we first discuss the prevalence of web storage implementation in widely used websites. Then, we compare and contrast the web storage technology currently implemented in the five major web browsers, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, and Apple's Safari. Moreover, in order to provide more insights into web storage and enable unified forensic analysis, a proof-of-concept tool, named as BrowStEx (Browser Storage Extractor), is described with implementation details. The commonalities, differences, and the proof-of-concept tool discussed in this paper can be useful in developing advanced forensic tools that can extract browser storage artifacts.     

Measuring Environmental and Economic Opinions about Hydraulic Fracturing: A Survey of Landowners in Active or Planned Drilling Units

We investigate how Eastern Ohio landowners affected by the recent boom in high‐volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) view the industry and the factors that affect their attitudes. Our unique sample almost exclusively contains individuals whose land is under lease for and/or experiencing HVHF. Nation‐ and state‐wide surveys that investigate HVHF attitudes tend to find nearly even splits between opposed and supportive respondents, whose views are strongly influenced by political partisanship. These trends largely do not manifest among Eastern Ohio landowners, for whom personal experiences with HVHF crucially influence attitudes. Most respondents support HVHF and say it has benefited their community economically. Political partisanship does not significantly impact HVHF views. Contrary to arguments in the literature that economic considerations drive variation in support for HVHF, landowners’ support for the industry also appears influenced by perceptions of its environmental and infrastructure impacts. Environmental concerns appear to more powerfully shape attitudes than economic benefits.     

‘Supportive Parenting’, Responsibility and Regulation: The Welfare Assessment under the Reformed Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990)

Section 13(5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 requires fertility clinics, before offering regulated treatment services, to take account of the welfare of any child who may be born as a result of the treatment and any other child affected by that birth. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study examining the impact on practice of the controversial reform of this section in 2008. While the broad values underpinning section 13(5) appear well embedded in clinic staff's engagement with ethical issues, there is little evidence that practice has been influenced by the 2008 amendments. A complex picture emerged regarding the implementation of section 13(5), particularly in its interaction with other factors, such as funding criteria and professional norms around counselling, implying a higher level of ongoing attention to likely parenting ability – particularly that of single women – than might be expected from a reading of the statute and guidance alone.     

海洛因对大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4的影响

目的检测不同时程海洛因依赖大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质discs大同源物4(discs large homolog 4,DLG4)的蛋白表达,探讨海洛因依赖对突触后致密结构的影响。方法采用腹腔内递增注射海洛因的方法,建立海洛因依赖的大鼠模型,用免疫组织化学法检测海洛因依赖9、18和36 d大鼠海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达,并与对照组进行比较。结果随海洛因依赖时间的延长,海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质DLG4蛋白的表达逐渐降低。结论海洛因依赖可影响海马、杏仁核和额叶皮质突触后致密结构,并随依赖时间的延长,影响更加明显。     

福建汉族人群21个常染色体STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的调查福建汉族人群21个常染色体STR基因座多态性参数,评估GlobalFilerTM Express试剂盒的法医学应用价值。方法应用GlobalFilerTM Express试剂盒复合扩增检测741名福建汉族无关个体,计算21个常染色体STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果 21个常染色体STR基因座的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.05),21个STR遗传标记均具有高度多态性,杂合度为0.589~0.914,个体识别率为0.754~0.992,多态信息含量为0.520~0.940,非父排除率为0.278~0.825。其中以SE33基因座多态性程度最高。结论 GlobalFilerTM Express试剂盒的21个STR基因座有较强的系统效能,该试剂盒可应用于福建汉族人群的法医学个体识别及亲权鉴定。