‘Communities of practice’: prospects for theory and action in participatory development

‘The myth of community’ permeates both the understanding and the practice of participatory development. Yet the idea that communities exist as coherent units of people who inhabit bounded geographic spaces and are ready to be mobilised for development restricts the very agency that participation promises. This article offers an alternative model of community: one that is more compatible with the ideal of people-centred, participatory development. Using Etienne Wenger's concept of ‘communities of practice’, and drawing on narrative theory and cognitive approaches to policy analysis, the article argues that community should be created and sustained around shared meanings.     

In their own eyes: an empirical examination of police self-legitimacy

In their paper Beyond Procedural Justice, Bottoms and Tankebe specified two interrelated dimensions of legitimacy: audience legitimacy and self-legitimacy. Criminologists have given considerable attention to audience legitimacy, but police officers’ belief in their own legitimacy remains understudied. This paper extends Bottoms and Tankebe’s theory and reports findings on some of its key propositions, using survey data from a UK police force. Three key findings emerge. First, contrary to previous studies, feelings of recognition by supervisors and clientele did not predict self-legitimacy; self-legitimacy was found to depend on feelings of peer recognition and acceptance. Second, self-legitimacy predicted officers’ commitment to external procedural justice but not their moral orientations towards crime victims. Finally, perceived police effectiveness but not supervisor recognition – that is, internal procedural justice – was the key predictor both of external procedural justice and of normative orientations towards crime victims. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Reducing Domestic Violence and Improving Outcomes for Children: Funding Civil Legal Aid to Maximize Impact

Domestic violence survivors and children in foster care often experience significant unmet civil legal needs. Legal aid services, when adequately funded, can help close the justice gap for these two populations while improving safety, stability, and court efficiencies. However, despite ample literature demonstrating how legal aid can improve outcomes, almost half of those seeking legal aid services are turned away due to lack of resources. This article reviews the research and data about how legal aid can improve outcomes for people in the domestic violence and child welfare contexts. It also discusses how several state‐administered federal funding opportunities—including the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Victim Assistance Formula Grant Program, Title IV‐D child support funds, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) basic block grants—can fund the needed civil legal help.     

双创背景下基于技能型人才培养需求的计算机信息管理专业教学有效性研究

在“双创”背景下,社会对技能型人才需求增加,高职院校应以此为契机对专业进行调整以适应社会变化。实践性和创新性较强的计算机信息管理专业的教学改革迫在眉睫。通过对专业定位、实践环节设计、课程体系调整等对计算机信息管理专业教学提出改革建议,提高教学的有效性。     

治理结构、运行机制、与政府关系: 非营利组织有效性分析--浙江省义乌市玩具行业协会个案

非营利组织的治理结构、运行机制、与政府关系对于非营利组织的发展特别重要.行业协会是非营利组织的一种形态.通过分析浙江省义乌市玩具行业协会个案,运用制度变迁和合作博弈理论,剖析协会的治理结构、运行机制、与政府关系,探讨非营利组织的有效性.     

Mainstreaming globalisation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers in the Asia-Pacific region

This paper examines the extent to which the key elements of globalisation, such as international trade, investments, foreign aid, transnational labour migration and tourism have been mainstreamed into the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) in the Asia-Pacific region. Using a content analysis, the paper finds that trade openness gained the highest priority in the PRSPs, followed by foreign investment, aid, tourism and, lastly, migration. As transnational migration of low-skilled workers brings higher benefits to poorer countries, further research is essential to find out the reasons behind the fact that this issue is being given the lowest priority in the PRSPs.

Intégration de la mondialisation dans les Documents de stratégie pour la réduction de la pauvretédans la région Asie-Pacifique

Cet article traite de la mesure dans laquelle les éléments clés de la mondialisation, comme le commerce international, les investissements, l'aide étrangère, la migration transnationale de la main-d'?uvre et le tourisme ont été intégrés dans les Documents de stratégie pour la réduction de la pauvreté (DSRP) dans la région Asie-Pacifique. En employant une analyse du contenu, cet article constate que l'ouverture commerciale a bénéficié de la priorité la plus marquée dans les PRSP, suivie de l'investissement étranger, de l'aide, du tourisme et, enfin, de la migration. Étant donné que la migration de la main-d'?uvre non qualifiée apporte des avantages plus importants aux pays pauvres, il est essentiel de mener des recherches à l'avenir pour découvrir les raisons qui expliquent le fait que cette question soit dotée de la plus faible priorité dans les DSRP.

Integração Sistemática da Questão da Globalização nos Textos sobre Estratégia de Redução da Pobreza na região da Ásia-Pacífico

Este artigo examina até que ponto os elementos-chave da globalização, tais como comércio internacional, investimentos, ajuda estrangeira, migração de trabalho transnacional e turismo, têm sido enfatizados sistematicamente nos textos sobre estratégia de redução da Pobreza (PRSPs) na região da Ásia-Pacífico. Utilizando uma análise do conteúdo, o artigo verifica que a abertura comercial recebeu a maior prioridade nos PRSPs, seguida por investimento estrangeiro, ajuda, turismo e, por fim, migração. Como a migração transnacional de trabalhadores pouco qualificados traz mais benefícios a países mais pobres, é essencial haver mais pesquisa para se descobrir as razões que estão por trás do fato desta questão estar recebendo menos prioridade nos PRSPs.

La incorporación de la globalización en los Documentos Estratégicos de Reducción de la Pobreza en la Región de Asia y el PacíficoEste ensayo analiza cómo los elementos más importantes de la globalización, como el comercio internacional, las inversiones, la ayuda exterior, la migración de la mano de obra internacional y el turismo, se han incorporado en los Documentos Estratégicos de Reducción de la Pobreza (DERP) en la región de Asia y el Pacífico. Basándose en un análisis de contenidos, este ensayo establece que los DERP priorizaron la apertura del comercio, seguido por la inversión extranjera, la ayuda exterior, el turismo y, finalmente, la migración. A medida que la migración internacional de trabajadores poco cualificados vaya generando más beneficios para los países pobres, se requerirán nuevas investigaciones para encontrar porqué los DERP no priorizan la migración.     

Identity and learning in international volunteerism: ‘Sport for Development and Peace’ internships

Young sportspersons now serve abroad within the ‘Sport for Development and Peace’ (SDP) movement. Drawing on interviews with former interns from Commonwealth Games Canada's Canadian Sports Leadership Corps programme, this study explored what interns brought to, and learnt from, international SDP service. Interns confronted notions of expertise and privilege and, in some cases, considered the limits of Northern development stewardship. Interns also experienced a sense of ‘First World guilt’ that secured their sense of self at the expense of deeper engagements with inequality and struggles for development justice. Based on these findings, recommendations for supporting future volunteers are considered.

Identité et apprentissage dans le volontariat international : stages « Sport for Development and Peace »

De jeunes sportifs sont désormais actifs à l'étranger dans le cadre du mouvement « Sport for Development and Peace » (SDP - Sport pour le développement et la paix ). Sur la base d'entretiens avec d'anciens stagiaires du programme du Groupe canadien de leadership dans le sport des Jeux du Commonwealth Canada, cette étude a examiné ce que les stagiaires ont apporté au service SDP et ont appris de ce dernier. Les stagiaires se sont confrontés aux notions de connaissances spécialisées et de privilège et, dans certains cas, ont réfléchi aux limites de la gestion du développement émanant du Nord. Les stagiaires ont aussi ressenti une mesure de « culpabilité du Premier Monde » qui a renforcé leur sentiment de soi aux dépens d'engagements plus approfondis contre l'inégalité et de luttes pour la justice en matière de développement. Sur la base de ces conclusions, des recommandations pour soutenir les volontaires futurs sont considérées.

Identidade e Aprendizado no Voluntariado Internacional: Estágios do Esporte para Desenvolvimento e Paz

Jovens esportistas agora atuam no exterior dentro do movimento “Esporte para Desenvolvimento e Paz” (SDP). Baseando-se em entrevistas com antigos internos do programa “Canadian Sports Leadership Corps” do Commonwealth Games Canada, este estudo examinou a contribuição dos internos ao serviço do SDP internacional e o que eles aprenderam com este serviço. Os internos confrontaram noções de conhecimento e privilégio e, em alguns casos, consideraram os limites da liderança do desenvolvimento do hemisfério norte. Os internos também vivenciaram uma sensação de “culpa do Primeiro Mundo” que assegurou a consciência do seu eu às custas de engajamentos mais profundos com desigualdade e lutas por justiça de desenvolvimento. Com base nestes resultados, as recomendações para apoiar voluntários futuros são consideradas.

Identidad y aprendizaje en el voluntariado internacional: pasantías del programa Deportes para el Desarrollo y la Paz

Actualmente varios deportistas jóvenes cooperan en el extranjero en el marco del movimiento “Deportes para el Desarrollo y la Paz” (DDP). Basándose en entrevistas a excooperantes del programa Cuerpo de Líderes Deportivos Canadienses de los Juegos de la Mancomunidad en Canadá, este ensayo analiza lo que los cooperantes aportaron a y aprendieron de su experiencia internacional en el DDP. Los cooperantes afrontaron juicios de experiencia y privilegio y, en algunos casos, reflexionaron sobre los límites de la gestión basada en el desarrollo del Norte. Los cooperantes experimentaron la “culpabilidad del Primer Mundo”, que si bien provocó la autoreflexión, se hizo a costa de un compromiso más profundo contra la desigualdad y por la lucha a favor de la justicia en el desarrollo. En función de estos resultados, el ensayo formula recomendaciones para el apoyo a futuros voluntarios.     

Motivation in humanitarian health workers: a self-determination theory perspective

This paper emerged from the authors' interest in why humanitarian health workers initially engage and remain in humanitarian work, often in the face of threats to safety and personal well-being. Semi-structured qualitative interviews assessed the consciously available reasons why individuals engaged in humanitarian health work. Interview data was unpacked through a thematic analysis. Using self-determination theory as a guiding framework, data suggested introjected and identified motivations are applicable to this occupational domain. Introjected motivation is implicated in initial reasons to engage the work, while identified motivation is implicated in reasons to continue. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Motivation parmi les travailleurs humanitaires dans le domaine de la santé : un point de vue basé sur la théorie de l'autodétermination

Cet article a émané de l'intérêt de l'auteur concernant les raisons pour lesquelles les travailleurs humanitaires dans le domaine de la santé s'engagent initialement et continuent de travailler dans l'humanitaire, souvent malgré les menaces qui pèsent sur leur sécurité et sur leur bien-être personnel. Des entretiens qualitatifs semi-structurés ont permis d'évaluer les raisons consciemment disponibles qui expliquent que certaines personnes se soient engagées dans le travail humanitaire dans le domaine de la santé. Les données obtenues grâce aux entretiens ont été examinées au moyen d'une analyse thématique. En prenant la théorie d'autodétermination comme cadre d'orientation, les données ont suggéré que des motivations introjectées et identifiées sont applicables à ce domaine professionnel. La motivation introjectée intervient dans les raisons initiales de s'engager dans ce type de travail, tandis que la motivation identifiée intervient dans les raisons de continuer. Les implications théoriques et pratiques de ces conclusions font l'objet d'une discussion.

Motivação para Trabalhadores Humanitários da Área da Saúde: Uma Perspectiva da Teoria da Auto-Determinação

Este artigo surgiu do interesse dos autores em saber por que os trabalhadores humanitários da área da saúde engajam-se inicialmente e depois permanecem no trabalho humanitário, frequentemente enfrentando ameaças à segurança e bem-estar pessoal. Entrevistas qualitativas semiestruturadas avaliaram as razões dos indivíduos engajarem-se no trabalho humanitário na área da saúde, razões estas conscientemente apresentadas. Dados da entrevista foram processados através de uma análise temática. Utilizando a teoria da auto-determinação como estrutura de orientação, os dados sugeriram que as motivações introjetadas e identificadas são aplicáveis a este domínio ocupacional. A motivação introjetada está associada às razões iniciais de se engajar no trabalho, enquanto a motivação identificada está associada às razões de se permanecer no trabalho. As implicações teóricas e práticas destes resultados são discutidas.

La motivación en los trabajadores humanitarios de salud: una perspectiva de la teoría de la autodeterminación

Este ensayo surgió del interés de los autores en cómo los trabajadores humanitarios de salud inician su trabajo y permanecen en él a pesar de las frecuentes amenazas a su seguridad y bienestar personal. Las entrevistas cualitativas semiestructuradas realizadas revelaron las razones enunciadas conscientemente de porqué los individuos participan en el trabajo humanitario en salud. Se evaluaron las entrevistas a través de un análisis temático. Utilizando la teoría de la autodeterminación como marco, las entrevistas sugieren la existencia de motivaciones tanto introyectadas como identificadas en este ámbito de trabajo. La motivación introyectada se refiere a las razones para iniciar el trabajo y la motivación identificada a las razones para seguir en él. El ensayo examina las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados.     

Service delivery on the cheap? Community-based workers in development interventions

Within current neo-liberal approaches to development, models of community-driven development assume that community-based workers (CBWs) are key actors in improved and accessible service delivery. We argue that use of CBWs is under-theorised and seems to be based largely on untested assumptions about community participation and responsibility. Drawing on case studies on potable-water management and home-based care for HIV/AIDS patients in Tanzania and South Africa, the article explores issues of accountability, professionalism, and personal motivations in systems involving CBWs. It argues that many assumptions in relation to the effectiveness of CBW programmes require re-visiting.     

Why can't development be managed more like a funeral? Challenging participatory practices

The adoption of techniques to elicit community participation in development practice is an important step forward. The question remains whether this is sufficient for development outcomes that accord with the aspirations of ‘participants’. Community perceptions are somewhat different, as our own conclusions demonstrate. We have developed a ‘methodology of inclusiveness’, based on community institutions which embed collective social action in everyday life. We use the analogy of funerals as collective action in which activities are planned, roles are demarcated, responsibilities are assigned, and desired outcomes are realised. We ask the question: why can't development be managed more like a funeral?