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11.
Oscar A. Forero 《Development in Practice》2011,21(6):822-833
This article questions the notion that the use of digital technologies guarantees better policy development for the sustainable management of natural resources, particularly in multicultural contexts. It is argued that input of digital technologies could positively or negatively affect the geopolitical projects and development strategies pursued by indigenous peoples. 相似文献
12.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):251-265
This article examines human security activities on the ground by highlighting the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in providing humanitarian assistance both at home and abroad. In particular, by focusing on a number of specific organizations, it assesses the kinds of campaigns that come under general human security categories and explores the profiles of a variety of aid agencies within Japan. 相似文献
13.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):287-305
This article examines the general debate about human security with specific reference to the Japanese government's responses to international debates over human rights. It examines in particular the experiences of a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) over the past decade. By taking as a starting point international human rights standards, it illustrates how Japan's responses to the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the World Conference Against Racism suggest that the government in Tokyo is far from complying with international agreements or developing domestic policy in the field of human rights. 相似文献
14.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(3):385-400
:With the rise of capitalism, the‘labour problem’became a serious issue for intellectuals in Japan. Although the national economy expanded rapidly at the turn of the nineteenth century, Japan's workforce was still heavily dependent on‘farmers’whose condition was only worsened by the land tax revision of 1873. The government policy offukoku kyōhei(‘enrich the country, strengthen the armed forces’) benefited capitalists in the form ofzaibatsu(business and industrial magnates collaborating with the government), but impoverished the majority. This had the effect of widening the gap between the affluent and the poor. As redundant farmers flowed into the cities and worked in a wretched environment for low wages, many intellectuals were concerned about their well-being. They were motivated by various considerations, including humanitarian and Christian beliefs. Some embraced socialist ideas and recognized the need for reform. Abe Isō(1865–1949), known as the father of early socialism in Japan, was one of those who became concerned about the prevailing poverty and its impact on society. A professor at the TōkyōSenmon Gakkō(the present Waseda University), he was one of the important intellectuals of the second generation of the Meiji era (1868–1912). At the formative stage of embracing socialist ideas, he came to see New Zealand as a paragon, a country whose policies on the relief of social hardship provided an ideal model for Japan. This study examines his belief that New Zealand had much to offer the‘new’Japan. 相似文献
15.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):211-234
In 1916, the Japanese Post Office established a public life insurance system especially geared toward poor laborers. By offering laborers the security of insurance, the state hoped to quell the labor agitation that threatened domestic order. A few years later, in 1922, this life insurance system expanded its mandate and created one of the first nationwide health promotion systems in Japan. Post Office officials had grown concerned over the growing discrepancy in mortality rates between Japan and industrialized Western nations. This divergence was especially apparent for serious infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Within the institutionalized space of the health center, doctors exhorted customers to transform their everyday habits in clothing, dining, household organization and exercise. Japan's famous rajio taisō (radio calisthenics) program, for example, emerged from the Post Office's health guidance stations. I argue that through rajio taisō and the other health practices taught at the health guidance stations, the Japanese state sought to make healthy everyday habits a moral obligation for all Japanese citizens. Within this discourse, the state presented healthy living within a stable domestic space as the key to a happy and productive life, diverting attention from the political and economic crises facing interwar Japan. 相似文献
16.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(4):588-599
Drawing on empirical data from a community-based study with children and adults in rural Peru, the paper analyses the everyday experiences of a conditional cash transfer programme, called ‘Juntos’. The findings show that social protection programmes like Juntos address certain child vulnerabilities by making eligibility for their cash transfers conditional on behaviour-related to child protection-related such as health check-ups and school attendance. However, there are other aspects of children's well-being that are not being considered, such as experiences of violence and exclusion. This paper discusses both opportunities and challenges for cash transfer programmes to play a greater role in child protection. Protection de l'enfance : un rôle pour les programmes de transferts monétaires conditionnels ? Grâce à des données empiriques tirées d'une étude communautaire avec des enfants et des adultes dans le Pérou rural, cet article analyse les expériences quotidiennes d'un programme de transferts monétaires conditionnels appelé Juntos. Les conclusions montrent que les programmes de protection sociale comme Juntos remédient à certaines vulnérabilités des enfants en soumettant leur admissibilité aux transferts monétaires à des conditions relatives au comportement en matière de protection de l'enfance, comme les visites médicales et l'assiduité scolaire. Cependant, il y a d'autres aspects du bien-être des enfants qui ne sont pas pris en considération, comme les expériences de violence et l'exclusion. Cet article traite des occasions et des défis pour que les programmes de transferts monétaires jouent un rôle plus important dans la protection de l'enfance. Proteção infantil: um papel para os programas de transferência de dinheiro condicional? Apoiando-se em dados empíricos de um estudo baseado na comunidade com crianças e adultos na zona rural do Peru, o artigo analisa as experiências cotidianas de um programa de transferência condicional de dinheiro chamado “Juntos”. Os resultados mostram que programas de proteção social como o “Juntos” abordam certas vulnerabilidades da criança ao tornar o direito às transferências de dinheiro condicional ao comportamento relativo à proteção infantil, tais como consulta médica e frequência escolar. Porém, existem outros aspectos do bem-estar das crianças que não estão sendo considerados, tais como as experiências de violência e exclusão. Este artigo discute as oportunidades e desafios dos programas de transferência de dinheiro para que tenham um maior papel na proteção infantil. ¿Contribuyen los programas de transferencias condicionadas a la protección de la niñez? Basándose en datos empíricos de un estudio comunitario con niños y adultos en el Perú rural, el documento analiza la práctica habitual de un programa de transferencias condicionadas denominado Juntos. Las conclusiones muestran que los programas de protección social como Juntos abordan algunas vulnerabilidades de la niñez al considerar como criterios de elegibilidad para sus transferencias condicionadas temas relacionados con la protección de la niñez, como reconocimientos médicos y escolarización. Sin embargo, hay otros aspectos del bienestar de los niños que no se toman en cuenta, como la violencia y la exclusión. Este documento analiza las oportunidades y los retos para que los programas de transferencias puedan aportar más a la protección de la niñez. 相似文献
17.
《Development in Practice》2012,22(7):1019-1035
The use of impact assessment can be characterised on a scale with ‘proving impact’ on one side and ‘improving practices’ on the other. Even though this is not an either/or scale, the two often do not combine automatically. In this article an adjusted Sustainable Livelihood Framework for impact assessment is developed that does justice to both. The use of this framework has implications in terms of a multi-method research approach, an extensive variety of data collection, and an in-depth data analysis. This is illustrated by applying the framework to a socio-economic impact study conducted for the DE Foundation coffee support project. Évaluation de l'impact dans le cadre des moyens de subsistance durables L'utilisation de l’évaluation de l'impact peut être caractérisée sur une échelle comportant « prouver l'impact » d'un côté et « améliorer les pratiques de l'autre ». Bien qu'il ne s'agisse pas d'une échelle « soit… soit », souvent les deux ne se conjuguent pas automatiquement. Dans cet article, un Cadre des moyens de subsistance durables ajusté pour l’évaluation de l'impact est élaboré qui fait honneur aux deux. L'utilisation de ce cadre a des implications en termes d'une approche de recherches multiméthodes, d'une ample variété de collecte de données et d'une analyse approfondie des données. Cela est illustré par l'application du cadre à une récente étude de l'impact socio-économique menée par le projet de soutien au café de la DE Foundation. Avaliação de impacto na estrutura de meios de subsistência sustentáveis O uso da avaliação de impacto pode ser caracterizado por uma escala que contenha ‘impacto demonstrado’ de um lado e ‘aperfeiçoando as práticas’, de outro. Mesmo embora esta não seja uma escala com opções excludentes, as duas frequentemente não se combinam automaticamente. Neste artigo, desenvolve-se um Esquema de Meios de Subsistência Sustentáveis ajustado para avaliação de impacto que possa fazer justiça a ambas. O uso desse esquema possui implicações em termos de uma abordagem de pesquisa que adota vários métodos, que se baseia em uma extensa variedade de coleta de dados e uma análise de dados em profundidade. O esquema é ilustrado aplicando-o a um estudo de impacto sócio-econômico recente conduzido para o projeto de apoio ao café da Fundação DE. Evaluación de impacto en el marco para los medios de vida sostenibles Si la evaluación de impacto pudiera medirse en una escala, uno de sus extremos sería ‘comprueba el impacto’ y el otro ‘mejora las prácticas’. Si bien esta escala no mediría ninguno de los dos factores, no es fácil detectar cómo se pueden combinar. Este ensayo propone un Marco para los Medios de Vida Sostenibles que incorpora los dos factores. El uso de este marco tiene repercusiones en el enfoque multimétodos para la investigación, en las diversas formas que existen para recopilar datos y en el análisis profundo de los datos. Para ejemplificar lo anterior, se aplicó el marco a un estudio reciente sobre el impacto socioeconómico de un proyecto de la Fundación DE que apoya a productores de café. 相似文献
18.
《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(1):17-31
With the legal system in the United States being used increasingly to protect domestic violence victims and to promote social justice, it is critical to examine the effectiveness of this intervention. This article discusses civil court processes and outcomes for a Unified Domestic Violence Court with an emphasis on the social justice and economic impact on families experiencing domestic violence. Data were gathered and analysed as a means for evaluating court processes, programmatic interventions, resources, and policies. The findings suggest that this particular court system may be failing to protect citizens, responding inequitably, and underutilizing existing resources. 相似文献
19.
《Criminal Justice Studies》2012,25(2):105-125
A examination of the literature surrounding Furman , Gregg , and death row reveals a complex and limited story of the death penalty. Since the focus has been almost exclusively on executions and commutations, little is known about other possible death sentence outcomes. The primary goal in this paper is to: (1) unravel a series of issues regarding the death penalty; (2) made an argument into way the death penalty should be examined by the totality of its outcomes; and (3) explore which outcomes should be analyzed more carefully, and be a more explicit and better documented part of capital punishment discussion. 相似文献
20.
《The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology》2012,23(1):105-122
This article uses nineteenth-century cases and medico-legal writings to illustrate three conceptions of the role of the psychiatric expert in criminal trials, as 'observer', 'adviser', or 'authority'. The nineteenth-century courts in England and Scotland predominantly favoured the 'adviser' role, but since 1957 the case-law on diminished responsibility has tended to elevate the expert to the position of authority. While acknowledging the force of the nineteenth-century arguments in favour of expert authority, the article concludes that the adviser role creates a more satisfactory relationship between expert and jury. 相似文献