困境与突围：中国现代文学研究的反思

中国现代学研究的历史大致可分为“认定”（1919-1949）、“界定”（1949-1978）和“确定”（1978-）三个时期，前两期奠定了研究的基础，后期极大地拓展和丰富了现代学的研究格局和深度。80年代中期以后，研究领域的局限、方法论的危机、思想性的缺席以及彼此之间的失衡，造成了现代学研究发展中的困境。新的化语境下的现代学研究必须史料、经典、思想性和学术性并重，在新的学术生长点的寻求中实现突破。     

依附论视野中的拉美区域主义

拉丁美洲地区是区域主义发展较为典型的地区。依附论是一种主要由拉美学者发展起来的研究发展中国家如何在世界经济体系中实现自身发展的经济学理论。拉美区域主义从兴起到衰落,从衰落到再度勃兴,都受到不同形态的依附理论的深刻影响。依附论的历史演进和拉美区域主义的发展变化密切相关,依附论的警示在某种程度上揭示了拉美新区域主义存在的问题和面临的挑战。     

浅析20世纪初美国与日本东北之争失利的原因

1904～1905年的日俄战争之后,美国和日本成为争夺中国东北的主角,双方在各个方面都进行了角逐。在这场竞争中,美国不敌日本而败下阵来。美国的失利是其对自身远东实力不足的主动选择,是这一时期美国在东北的经济和战略利益没有重要到必须与日本兵戈相见地步的结果,也包含着政治家个人的考虑和对美国不利的外部环境的作用。     

试论中国帝王文学

中国帝王文学是一种独立于中国文学主流但又起着特殊作用的文学类群 ,应当从文学自身本质规律出发来进行解析。作为一种文学类群 ,它是一种十分独特而又悠久的客观存在。这种畸形的阳刚文学的产生是中国特有的现象。它有着突出的特征 :政治化极强的文学内容 ,唯我独尊的个体精神心理 ,主体表现的阳刚雄壮 ,符合艺术本质的自我表现等     

Capacity building: who builds whose capacity?

This article focuses on the role that development NGOs play in capacity building, arguing that many conventional NGO practices are ultimately about retaining power, rather than empowering their partners. This leads to tunnel vision and to upward rather than downward or horizontal accountability, based on the assumption that the transfer of resources is a one-way process. At worst, this undermines rather than strengthens the capacities of the organisations that NGOs are attempting to assist. Sharing responsibilities and risks, mutual accountability, and committing to the long term rather than to short-term projects are more likely to create partnerships that can withstand vicissitudes and contribute to lasting change.     

How the court made a federation of the EU

We analyze the European institutional integration that took place in the 1950s and 1960s as a two-stage process. Firstly, an explicitly political project aims at establishing a European political community. The project is abandoned in the mid-1950s and political integration stops. At that time, the institutions of the Union take the form of a confederation. In a second stage, because of the failure of the European political community, a legal process of integration driven by the European Court of Justice takes place. This second stage of unification is more centralizing and in effect leads to a federalization of the European institutional structure. The transformation of the political structure of the European Union thus appears to result from the actions and decisions of a legal entity, the European Court of Justice.      

对我国法制发展战略的反思--以西方法律传统的形成为背景

无论东方西方,现代社会有其共性,所以应该充分重视西方法治化过程中形成的普遍性制度和有效经验;中国的法治建设有其特性,因此外国的经验不能代替中国自己的实践。     

References for determining the time of death by potassium in vitreous humor

The different statements concerning the slope and intercept of the regression line and the 95% limits of confidence are the reason that potassium in vitreous humor is not used (at least in Germany) as an aid in estimating the time of death. The relationship between the concentration of potassium and the time of death is mainly influenced by antemortem electrolyte imbalances caused by disease and/or duration of terminal episode. The influence of terminal episode is best identified by its duration (Adelson et al., J. Forensic Sci., 8 (1963) 503–514). In order to have a method suitable for every case and to be as precise as possible we looked therefore for parameters in vitreous humor which were stable postmortem and indicating antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Urea is such a parameter, being stable postmortem (Coe, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 51 (1969) 741–750) and useful as a marker of antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Our investigations on potassium in vitreous humor, including sudden and hospital deaths after chronic lingering disease, revealed 95% limits of confidence of ±34 h up to 120 h postmortem. Reviewing only cases with urea less than 100 mg/dl the 95% limits of confidence could be reduced to ±22 h. Considering the duration of terminal episode (<6 h) the precision was ±20 h. In this way our modified procedure is suitable for every case with the resulting precision of estimation being determined only by the duration of the terminal episode and urea concentration.     

恐怖主义即是战争：军事历史上的教训

恐怖主义是战争的一种形式,只有动用武装力量才能将其彻底铲除。恐怖活动作为一种军事战术,其目的是杀死敌方战士,降低公民的道德标准。为了打击恐怖主义,美国武装力量应对支持全球恐怖主义国家的军事盟友实施攻击,主要针对军事目标,不能伤及平民。美国武装力量也可以采用小股部队突袭的方式,深入敌方国家,对敌方领导人实施抓捕或处死。     

Correlation of paternity index with probability of exclusion and efficiency criteria of genetic markers for parternity testing

The statistical correlation between the chance of paternity exclusion and paternity index is explored to derive a new criterion of judging the efficiency of an array of genetic determinations for parentage diagnosis. The theoretical basis is illustrated with allele frequency data on genetic markers used in a paternity testing protocol to examine the possible effects of changing the genetic systems on the prospect of identifying fathers by genetic markers.