街政治理中的公民参与:现实意义与建设途径

本文以街政流程为线索,具体分析了街政治理中公民参与的现实意义。在此基础上,提出了加强新公民资格培育、拓殖社区参与公共领域等五条加强公民参与机制建设的对策建议。     

从行政伦理的视角浅析官员问责制

官员问责制作为行政伦理的一部分,在实施中依旧存在着问责法律缺失、问责范围狭窄、问责标准模糊、问责程序混乱、问责结果单一、问责监管不力等一系列问题。应该从完善行政伦理立法、建立行政伦理监管机构、优化官员的道德约束机制、重视行政组织文化建设、加强行政体制改革等方面来进一步规范和完善官员问责制。     

学生自主性培养的创造教育路径探究

我国教育关键问题在于传统教育模式“千人一面”、“服从大局”、“满堂灌”和“标准答案”,这严重束缚了学生的想象力和创造力。化解这些问题,须激发学生的好奇心和自主性,检视学生自主性发展过程中存在的与社会文化的异质性以及“个人主义”观念的两面性、制度制约性和不平衡性等问题,积极构建创造教育,为进一步促进学生的创造力和自主性发展提供有效保障。     

法律英语全英文教学模式的探索

在全球化的背景下,传统的法律英语教学模式不能满足培养高素质的涉外法律专业人才的需求,需要采用全英文教学模式来对法律英语教学进行改革,法律英语的全英文教学对师资、学生的知识结构以及教学资源的准备均有一定的要求,同时还应充分发挥案例教学法、模拟法庭、多媒体等在教学中的作用.     

工会干部素质状况及提高途径

针对少数工会干部年龄偏大、文化程度相对偏低、专业结构不尽合理和思想观念较为陈旧等问题,必须着重提高工会干部的思想素质,增强群众观念和责任意识,提高专业知识水平和业务能力,以及依法办事依法维权的能力。     

Bayesian adaptive approach to estimating sample sizes for seizures of illicit drugs

A considerable amount of discussion can be found in the forensics literature about the issue of using statistical sampling to obtain for chemical analyses an appropriate subset of units from a police seizure suspected to contain illicit material. Use of the Bayesian paradigm has been suggested as the most suitable statistical approach to solving the question of how large a sample needs to be to ensure legally and practically acceptable purposes. Here, we introduce a hypergeometric sampling model combined with a specific prior distribution for the homogeneity of the seizure, where a parameter for the analyst's expectation of homogeneity (α) is included. Our results show how an adaptive approach to sampling can minimize the practical efforts needed in the laboratory analyses, as the model allows the scientist to decide sequentially how to proceed, while maintaining a sufficiently high confidence in the conclusions.     

Analysing and exemplifying forensic conclusion criteria in terms of Bayesian decision theory

There is ongoing discussion in forensic science and the law about the nature of the conclusions reached based on scientific evidence, and on how such conclusions – and conclusion criteria – may be justified by rational argument. Examples, among others, are encountered in fields such as fingermarks (e.g., ‘this fingermark comes from Mr. A's left thumb’), handwriting examinations (e.g., ‘the questioned signature is that of Mr. A’), kinship analyses (e.g., ‘Mr. A is the father of child C’) or anthropology (e.g., ‘these are human remains'). Considerable developments using formal methods of reasoning based on, for example (Bayesian) decision theory, are available in literature, but currently such reference principles are not explicitly used in operational forensic reporting and ensuing decision-making. Moreover, applied examples, illustrating the principles, are scarce. A potential consequence of this in practical proceedings, and hence a cause of concern, is that underlying ingredients of decision criteria (such as losses quantifying the undesirability of adverse decision consequences), are not properly dealt with. There is merit, thus, in pursuing the study and discussion of practical examples, demonstrating that formal decision-theoretic principles are not merely conceptual considerations. Actually, these principles can be shown to underpin practical decision-making procedures and existing legal decision criteria, though often not explicitly apparent as such. In this paper, we will present such examples and discuss their properties from a Bayesian decision-theoretic perspective. We will argue that these are essential concepts for an informed discourse on decision-making across forensic disciplines and the development of a coherent view on this topic. We will also emphasize that these principles are of normative nature in the sense that they provide standards against which actual judgment and decision-making may be compared. Most importantly, these standards are justified independently of peoples' observable decision behaviour, and of whether or not one endorses these formal methods of reasoning.     

不能犯论的日本路径及其借鉴意义

不同于德国刑法第23条第3款,日本刑法并未将不能犯作为未遂犯的子项加以对待,而是从根本上排除了不能犯的可罚性,并认为在不能犯的情形下并不存在实行行为的着手。于是,在不能犯论这一领域,日本刑法理论所面临的问题主要在于:在同样不存在实害结果的情况下,以何种基准和方法区分未遂犯与不能犯。与日本相同的是,我国刑法也否定了不能犯的可罚性以及不能犯这一情形下的实行行为的着手。据此,在刑法条文没有规定必须着眼于行为人的主观认知来区分未遂犯与不能犯时,有必要从客观的层面对不能犯论加以探讨,这正是不能犯论的日本路径于我国的借鉴意义之所在。     

论债权总则给付障碍法的体系进路

给付障碍法,也就是通常所称的债务不履行或者违约,是民法典债法总则中的核心法律制度。传统上一般以障碍原因为给付障碍法律体系的构成进路。积极侵害债权的出现和缔约过失责任范围的扩大则预示了传统进路体系上的断裂和缺陷。而现代意义上的法律效果进路(又称救济进路)正是在这一背景下产生的:无论是当前在国际上采用的《联合国买卖法》或者是《国际商事合同原则》,又抑或是区域性质的《欧洲合同法原则》,又抑或是民族国家的《德国现代化债法》,全部都采取的是这一体系进路。未来的中国民法典也应当采取这一无需再行检验的现代“经典”进路。