工会干部素质状况及提高途径

针对少数工会干部年龄偏大、文化程度相对偏低、专业结构不尽合理和思想观念较为陈旧等问题,必须着重提高工会干部的思想素质,增强群众观念和责任意识,提高专业知识水平和业务能力,以及依法办事依法维权的能力。     

不能犯论的日本路径及其借鉴意义

不同于德国刑法第23条第3款,日本刑法并未将不能犯作为未遂犯的子项加以对待,而是从根本上排除了不能犯的可罚性,并认为在不能犯的情形下并不存在实行行为的着手。于是,在不能犯论这一领域,日本刑法理论所面临的问题主要在于:在同样不存在实害结果的情况下,以何种基准和方法区分未遂犯与不能犯。与日本相同的是,我国刑法也否定了不能犯的可罚性以及不能犯这一情形下的实行行为的着手。据此,在刑法条文没有规定必须着眼于行为人的主观认知来区分未遂犯与不能犯时,有必要从客观的层面对不能犯论加以探讨,这正是不能犯论的日本路径于我国的借鉴意义之所在。     

THE REALITIES OF LAW ARE THE WINNING NARRATIVES — BASIC THESES FOR A REALISTIC AND RHETORICAL PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

This article begins explaining the Aristotelian reduction of rhetoric to persuasion, which came to determine Western tradition until modern times. To understand Aristotle’s methodology the author then wants to discuss the concept of enthymeme, the “rhetorical syllogism,” in Aristotle’s own words. In order to try a realistic critique on the Aristotelian rhetoric, more adequate to a rhetoric of modern law, the author will suggest three epistemological points of departure, three theses, and the three levels of rhetoric that support them.     

Analysing and exemplifying forensic conclusion criteria in terms of Bayesian decision theory

There is ongoing discussion in forensic science and the law about the nature of the conclusions reached based on scientific evidence, and on how such conclusions – and conclusion criteria – may be justified by rational argument. Examples, among others, are encountered in fields such as fingermarks (e.g., ‘this fingermark comes from Mr. A's left thumb’), handwriting examinations (e.g., ‘the questioned signature is that of Mr. A’), kinship analyses (e.g., ‘Mr. A is the father of child C’) or anthropology (e.g., ‘these are human remains'). Considerable developments using formal methods of reasoning based on, for example (Bayesian) decision theory, are available in literature, but currently such reference principles are not explicitly used in operational forensic reporting and ensuing decision-making. Moreover, applied examples, illustrating the principles, are scarce. A potential consequence of this in practical proceedings, and hence a cause of concern, is that underlying ingredients of decision criteria (such as losses quantifying the undesirability of adverse decision consequences), are not properly dealt with. There is merit, thus, in pursuing the study and discussion of practical examples, demonstrating that formal decision-theoretic principles are not merely conceptual considerations. Actually, these principles can be shown to underpin practical decision-making procedures and existing legal decision criteria, though often not explicitly apparent as such. In this paper, we will present such examples and discuss their properties from a Bayesian decision-theoretic perspective. We will argue that these are essential concepts for an informed discourse on decision-making across forensic disciplines and the development of a coherent view on this topic. We will also emphasize that these principles are of normative nature in the sense that they provide standards against which actual judgment and decision-making may be compared. Most importantly, these standards are justified independently of peoples' observable decision behaviour, and of whether or not one endorses these formal methods of reasoning.     

深度伪造与国家安全:基于总体国家安全观的视角

深度伪造是人工智能技术和数字技术发展的产物,自2017年第一个深度伪造的作品出现,深度伪造正在世界范围内快速扩散。人工智能与大数据技术的发展和普及,使得有心者制作各种深度伪造作品的门槛大大降低,导致互联网和各种社交媒体充斥着各式各样的深度伪造作品。深度伪造技术既有造福于人类社会的正面功能,也有给国家安全带来风险与挑战的负面作用。它不仅给国际形势和国际安全环境带来了巨大的冲击,让国际社会本就存在的“信任赤字”更为恶化,而且在国防安全、政治安全、经济安全和国民安全等领域制造了更多、更为复杂的问题。国际经济犯罪团伙利用深度伪造对中国企业和民众进行诈骗活动;以美国为首的西方国家更是频频利用深度伪造的作品,在涉疆、涉港等问题上对中国发难;在重大国际问题上,国际上的各种势力更是利用深度伪造争取中国的民意,造成部分民众认知的错乱;等等。要治理深度伪造所带来的各种安全隐患,就要在总体国家安全架构下完善针对深度伪造的综合治理体系,同时倡导综合安全、合作安全和共同安全的理念,与国际社会共同打造数字时代人类安全的命运共同体。     

交际教学法与多样化的英语课堂形式

交际教学法强调语言的实际运用,以交际为目的,注重学生学习的主动性。通过介绍以交际教学法为指导而展开的多样化的英语课堂形式,论证该教学法能有效地改变传统教法中学生被动、课堂气氛沉闷的局面,增强学生的英语应用能力和综合素养。     

论我国自主创新文化建设

自主创新的内外系统具有不确定性和复杂性。由于系统复杂性和文化嵌入性,没有主体的创新实践和没有文化的创新主体皆不存在,自主创新生成于社会文化建构。创新文化类型、层次与具体内容各方面均内涵丰富,其建构旨在建设融合＂责任心、宽容心、自信心、恒心＂的创新文化支撑体系。自主创新文化建设的路径选择在于主体、制度、教育、科学精神、传统文化等层面进行系统推进,从而在根本上实现＂尊重创新、鼓励创新、向往创新＂的社会文化转向。     

Building something beautiful with stones: How regions adapt to,shape and transform the EU opportunity structure

The literature on the relationship between regions and the European Union (EU) has generated three important insights. First, research has found that the EU empowers as well as disempowers regions. Second, studies have demonstrated that regions adapt to the EU opportunity structure. Third, scholars have discovered that regions also change the EU opportunity structure. However, the three dimensions are rarely brought together. To examine the mutual influence and constant interaction between the three, the article applies a strategic-relational approach to regional action within the EU. Using the empirical example of the EU macro-regional strategy for the Alpine region, the article shows how regional motivations, differential opportunities and constraints and strategies of adaptation and transformation interact. The conclusions imply that both opportunity structures and regional strategies together produce the mosaic of rules, resources, relationships and ideas that makes up the EU.     

Public Nursery School Costs and the Effects of the Funding Reforms in Japan

Using a panel dataset of 983 municipalities across Japan, this article investigates the impact of the funding reforms in 2004 on public nursery schools’ operating costs. We found that municipalities responded differently to the reforms, depending on their fiscal strength and city scale. In areas with relatively large populations, fiscally stronger municipalities were likely to spend less on public nursery schools in the wake of the reforms, while municipalities in smaller cities spent more. Besides, municipalities that were not compensated for the loss of the national subsidy reduced expenditures in large cities. In small cities, on the other hand, such municipalities actually increased expenditures.     

“It makes it legit”: local semiotic perceptions of the linguistic landscape in a market in Soshanguve,South Africa

This article explores the linguistic landscape (LL) of a semi-informal market in a South African township called Soshanguve. The fieldsite is situated in an area that is characterized by diversity and longstanding multilingualism. An ethnographic approach draws on the semiotic reading of the LL by a participant whose analysis of the multilingual commercial signage provides insight into local perceptions on language use and materiality. The study focuses on the participant’s analysis of the indexicality of African languages and traders’ names used in the LL that is in general dominated by English. Furthermore, the use of Sepitori (mixed language) in the signage will be explored for the first time. Findings contribute to disentangle and expand the notion of luxury and necessity. More specifically, we suggest that these concepts can be extended to include the notions of sponsorship and mediation, which can potentially involve reinterpreting the process of production, use and perception of the materials in signage.