农业水价综合改革政策绩效偏差从何而来? ——基于甘肃10个试点县(区)的实证研究

【问题】农业水价综合改革是推进节约增效型农业、保障国家水安全的关键改革。但地方政策实践中面临农户节水意识与用水方式尚未完全改善、政府部门水价形成机制和节水激励机制尚未良性运行、农业节水的经济和社会效应尚未充分彰显等系列问题,政策实际绩效与目标绩效间产生偏差。政策绩效偏差何以形成?关键影响因素及其内在关联是什么?如何矫正绩效偏差并增进政策绩效?【方法】以甘肃省10个试点县(区)农业水价综合改革为研究样本,对实地调研和深入访谈所获取的数据资料进行质性编码,建构我国农业水价综合改革政策绩效偏差的归因模型。【发现】农业水价综合改革政策绩效偏差的形成是涉及“利益相关者—政策执行—政策情境”交叠驱动的复杂过程,表现在:1.在主体层面,利益相关者政策认知、偏好和协同行动是决定政策绩效的关键因素;2.在行动层面,任务分解层层加码、政策落实困难是构成导致政策绩效偏差的核心变量;3.在场域层面,政策资源和改革需求等情境要素进一步催化了政策绩效偏差的形成。【贡献】相对于源自政府绩效管理工具性路径下对绩效悖论和绩效损失的关注,本研究的贯穿概念:绩效偏差,则可覆盖公共政策全过程,有更为广阔的研究价值与适用场域。本研究构建了基于农业水价综合改革政策绩效偏差的影响因素及相互间逻辑关联的理论模型,为解释公共政策绩效偏差提供新的视角;并从整合政策利益相关者认知与偏好、加强政策执行效能和优化政策环境三个维度提出农业水价综合改革政策矫正策略,为地方政府提升政策整体绩效提供参考。     

Belgian regional parliaments and the European Union: an analysis of parliamentary scrutiny in agricultural and environmental policies

ABSTRACT

Drawing on qualitative case studies of two specific European decision-making processes in the agricultural and environmental sectors, this paper discusses how and why Belgian regional parliaments activated (or not) their control mechanisms to scrutinise their respective regional ministers. The findings show that parliamentary scrutiny of the agricultural and environmental policy fields has undergone a process of institutional and behavioural Europeanisation. Belgian regional parliaments rely mostly on classical parliamentary tools aimed at gathering information and, to a lesser extent, on constraining instruments aimed at influencing their government. Rather than trying to influence the EU negotiations, the MPs try to assess the potential impact of the reforms on their regional policy sectors. The findings also demonstrate that domestic media coverage and political salience of the EU negotiation associated with important implementing powers of regional parliaments have a positive effect on the level of scrutiny conducted by Belgian regional assemblies.     

发展有中国特色现代农业的对策研究

现代农业是指用现代物质条件装备的农业、用现代科学技术改造的农业、用现代产业体系提升的农业、用现代经营形式推进的农业、用现代发展理念引领的农业、依靠新型农民发展的农业。当前中国农业在国民经济中的贡献率、农业劳动生产率、农业资源利用率、农产品商品率、农业集约化经营程度等与西方发达国家农业相比,均存在较大差距。人口众多、人均能源资源贫乏、农村劳动力数量基数巨大、农民科技素质不高、农业生产环境复杂、城乡差距不断扩大等现实国情决定了中国必然要走一条区别于发达国家农业现代化的道路。文章提出,发展有中国特色现代农业必须用现代农业发展理念指导农业现代化、用现代科学技术和物质条件为科学种田提供基础性保障、用现代管理方法和手段建设现代农业三大体系、用公共财政为现代农业发展提供有力支撑。     

Children's Rights and the Politics of Food: Big Food Versus Little People

This article traces the battle in the United States during the Obama administration, continuing into the Trump administration, to protect children's rights to food. It explores barriers to development of sound, science‐based food policies, including the refusal to recognize food as a human right, anti‐science denialism, hostility toward government regulation, and relative powerlessness of children. It points to the role of a “Big Food Pyramid” composed of powerful food industry and large scale distribution and marketing interests in blocking sound policies in prenatal and infant nutrition, school lunches, SNAP and WIC, the marketing to children of high fat and fructose‐laden products, and campaigns to increase youth fitness. While predicting a continuing assault at the federal level on children's rights to safe and healthy foods, the article highlights the positive role of consumer demand in shaping marketing, labeling and production of food and opportunities for leaders in the food industry and in government at local, municipal and state levels to continue the battle for sound food policies.     

地方政府如何推动农业发展：日本Oita市的政策及经验解读

日本是通过宏观政策的引导使农业迅速实现现代化的典型国家。以往对日本农业政策的研究多集中于中央政策方面,本文以日本Oita市为个案,详细解读发达国家地方政府推动现代农业发展的政策举措及发展绩效,并在总结Oita市农业政策成功做法的基础上,得出发达国家成功经验对我国地方政府推动现代农业发展的借鉴意义。     

英国殖民初期缅甸掸邦土司制度下的茶叶贸易

英国殖民初期缅甸掸邦的茶叶贸易在殖民者＂分而治之＂政策的统治下,在当地土司头人和代理商的重税盘剥下艰难地向前发展,最终迫于各种压力,困扰茶商的税费问题得到解决。同时,茶叶生产和茶叶贸易也带动了掸邦山区社会经济的发展。     

The International Labour Organisation and film

ABSTRACT

This article contributes to discussion of continuity and change in the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) history, asking how the organisation and worker activities have been depicted in film. Since the 1920s, the films in which the organisation portrays itself have placed less emphasis on its European base, the largely male culture that once dominated it and the precise nature of its role in the world. In more recent years, the ILO’s cinematic output has made an effort to emphasise work, workers and their collective activity. Their short films have also come to overtly advocate ‘partnership’ trade unionism within a wider international and perspective while paying much more attention to matters of racial and gender diversity. These changes have been framed within the organisation’s constant assertion of continuity in its values and explicit use of its own history. Film has therefore contributed to consistency and continuity in its self-projection, providing parameters within which change has occurred.     

Constructing a Feminist Cinematic Genealogy: The Gothic Woman's Film beyond Psychoanalysis

The Gothic woman's film, as a particular 1940s phenomenon, responded to the social changes caused by the upheavals of the Second World War. It featured female protagonists, expressed anxieties about marriage and complicated the classic realist premises of narrative and heterosexual closures. As the Gothic narrative trajectory revolved around the heroine's pursuit of marital happiness, these films are often theorized in the sexually differentiated terms of Lacanian psychoanalysis. As a result, they are interpreted as cinematic manifestations of paranoia, primal scenes, passive female desires and the impossibility of female subjectivity. Tay considers how the Gothic woman's film may resist such psychoanalytic codifications by considering critiques of psychoanalysis and investigating the ways in which Gilles Deleuze's cinematic topography may apply to the genre. This engagement with Deleuze reveals how 1940s Gothic films--such as Suspicion (Hitchcock, 1941), Gaslight (Cukor, 1944), and Sleep, My Love (Sirk, 1948)--breach the narrative normativity of classic realist love stories like Random Harvest (LeRoy, 1942). Culminating in a detailed analysis of Hitchcock's Rebecca (1940) as a film that sustains female transgression in its textual operation, Tay posits possibilities for furthering a feminist cinematic discourse beyond psychoanalytic codifications.     

华侨与近代侨乡农业变迁——广东省梅县个案研究

近代以来,中国侨乡农业经历了一个由传统向近代转型的过程.在这一变迁过程中,华侨起了积极的推动作用.本文将田野调查与历史研究结合起来,以全国著名侨乡--广东省梅县为个案,从种植业这个视觉切入,阐述和探讨华侨在侨乡梅县农业变迁中所起的作用.本文认为,在传统粮食作物和经济作物的生产以及山林业的发展诸方面,华侨通过多种形式的努力,或引进并推广优良品种,或传播先进生产技术,或身体力行改变经营管理方式等等,推动了传统种植业的更新.正是由于华侨这一资源,农业中近代新因素(新品种、新管理、新的经营方式、新的技术与人才)开始在侨乡梅县出现并日渐成长,有力地推动农业近代化转型,促进了经济的发展.     

从可持续发展的战略高度认识农业综合开发在西部大开发中的作用

农业综合开发作为国家支持和保护农业的一项重要措施,在西部大开发中,对改善和保护西部地区农业生态环境,推进西部地区农业科技进步,加强西部地区农业基础设施建设,促进西部地区农业结构调整,合理开发利用农业资源等方面,将充分发挥其优越性。