我国英语专业口语测试现状的理论分析

口试在中国外语界起步晚。滞后的原因是测试效度难以保证。此外,客观上,适合于大规模的口试任务本身的设计也有很多难度。当前,英语专业四、八级口语(口译)测试实践存在着一些值得商讨的方面,其中,核心问题是测试效度。对口试性质和特征的正确把握至关重要,它将涉及到我们对试题设计、考试形式、评分标准等一系列因素的考虑。在评分标准上,口语评价的标准不是完全看语法、语音,而是要看交际效果和交际效率,应以语言交际的衡量指标如流利性、准确性和得体性、语音及语言交互能力和交际策略等来决定。以录像口试代替录音口试或直接面试是一种较好的解决办法。通过录像,考官不但可以评定考生的言语交际能力,还可以观察到考生语言以外的非言语交际,打分更合理、全面。除了分数或等级外,口语测试的结果应该提供对学生英语交际能力主要方面的详细描述与测评,这样学生可以有针对性地练习提高,老师可以确定调整口语教学的重点,社会用人单位也可以根据这些详述挑选人才。     

国际私法中强制性规范的界定——兼评《关于适用<涉外民事关系法律适用法>若干问题的解释(一)》第10条

《涉外民事关系法律适用法》第4条于我国国际私法中首次明确规定我国法律的强制性规定应予直接适用。作为多边选法体系的例外,强制性规范理论在适用中最核心的问题之一,是识别哪些规范属于需要直接适用的国际强制性规范。国际私法中的强制性规范仅指国际强制性规范。比较法上提出界定国际强制性规范的客观标准和主观标准,随之产生仅采客观标准和兼采主客观标准两种立法模式。《关于适用<涉外民事关系法律适用法>若干问题的解释(一)》第10条对何为我国法律的强制性规定进行了定义,并以不完全列举的方式来解决可操作性问题,但在理论和实践方面仍存在缺失。     

精神障碍者刑事责任能力评定标准研究

刑事责任能力直接关系着案件的定性与处理。其评定有医学标准与法学标准两个要件，但法学要件的相关概念极不具体，且缺乏可借助的客观评定工具和具体的评定标准．相关评定工作一直是经验性判定。严重影响鉴定结论的科学性和一致性。我们课题组从法学要件着手。对法学要件辨认和控制能力进行量化，将医学标准和法学标准有机结合。编制出《精神障碍者刑事责任能力评定标准（草案）》，经有关鉴定机构试用，运行结果也较理想。     

危险犯中危险状态的判断

随着科技的发展和风险社会的到来,危险犯在刑法中的地位日益突出。因此,明确危险犯之危险状态的判断标准,既是司法实务中裁判危险犯是否成罪的关键,也是对危险犯理论相关争议进行廓清的一种有效手段。因此,需要在明确危险犯中相关概念的基础上,对危险状态判断的各家学说进行评析,进而提出危险状态评判的实质、时点和标准,并对具体危险犯和抽象危险犯中危险状态的判断提出基于中国立场的合理化建议。     

Device and methods for the measurement of energy transfer in experiments involving thermal and electrical injuries of skin

This work is part of a larger investigation aiming at tracing differences between injuries caused by heat and electricity. Electrodes and heaters similar to the electrodes of an electric cattle baton are used to dissipate approximately 40 joules in 40 seconds in pig skin.Voltages in the range 40–60 volts (AC or DC) are applied via stainless steel electrodes and temperatures in the range 50–100 °C are applied via heaters made of copper wire. Heat transfer is controlled by electronically regulated heaters utilizing the temperature dependence of the heater wire itself as a thermometer.Transfer of electricity takes place from either commerical DC supply, from transformed voltage from the mains or from a sine voltage generator connected to a power amplifier. The energy transfer is in all cases measured by electronic integration of the dissipated power in time. The power supplied to the electrodes or the heaters is found by electronic multiplication of the applied voltage and current.Typical power vs. time curves are presented.     

Evidence of securitisation in the economic sector of security in Europe? Russia’s economic blackmail of Ukraine and the EU’s conditional bailout of Cyprus

Although the Copenhagen school’s securitisation theory and their sectoral analysis are integral parts of European security studies, the school’s economic sector of security has almost been completely ignored. In this article I examine why this is, and whether it makes sense to retain this sector. In the process I flesh out the logic of securitisation in the economic sector. I suggest that one reason why the economic sector of security has been neglected is that real life examples fitting the Copenhagen school’s logic of security as the exception have – in this sector – remained outstanding. Research in other sectors of security has shown however that securitisation does not need to include extraordinary countermeasures; instead it can play out below the level of the exception. Using alternative formulations developed in securitisation studies that relax the threshold for the success of securitisation, I attempt to locate evidence of economic securitisation by looking at two empirical cases. 1) Russia’s economic blackmail of Ukraine at the start of that country’s ongoing crisis. 2) The EU’s conditional bailout of Cyprus during the Eurozone crisis which necessitated capital controls. On the basis of the empirical evidence gathered I conclude by arguing the case for the economic sector of security.