“混淆之虞”,抑或“显著性受损之虞”?——对我国商标侵权认定标准的再思考

虽然目前学界提出的"混淆标准"与"显著性标准"均可在一定程度上为商标侵权的认定提供理论支撑,但却均存在对商标权人的利益保护不够周延的问题。鉴于商标功能是商标赖以存在的基础,对商标权利益边界的划定应当建立在对商标功能进行整体把握的基础上。为此,我国应在商标法中设置有关商标侵权认定的一般性条款,并在其中突显对商标功能的维护。     

BUDGETING IN A TIME OF AUSTERITY: THE CASE OF THE ESTONIAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

Resulting from the global economic crisis, high budget deficits and debt burden characterise many economies looking for an exit strategy from current fiscal unbalances. The government of Estonia, having pursued a conservative fiscal policy for over a decade, reacted to the economic recession with radical budget adjustments, the latter constituting approximately 9% of gross domestic product in 2009. Consequently, Estonia took its chance and qualified for the euro in 2011. This study examines the behaviour of the Estonian central government and the basis of its budget decisions when planning drastic cost reductions through the theoretical lens of cutback management. The foremost results reveal that the crisis pushed the government to establish a different institutional framework that facilitated fast and effective decision‐making during the budget process. The savings proposals came from the Ministry of Finance; however, running a cash‐basis line‐item budgeting system in practice, the centre possessed only limited performance data for developing the proposals. Consequently, the long‐term impacts of the budget adjustments had not been assessed and are as yet unknown. A further conclusion is that the current budgeting framework should be revised and replaced step by step with a more advanced approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

选人用人机制科学化的三个理论问题

本文在对近年来干部人事制度改革主要措施分析的基础上,提出当前推进选人用人机制科学化,必须解决三个方面的深层次理论问题：一是要认清我国公务员队伍作为执政群体的政治属性,从体现公务员队伍政治代表功能的角度,确立多样化的选人标准和选拔方式;二是要从科学配置干部任用权的角度,从提名权主体多元化的误区中摆脱出来;三是要对群众在干部选拔任用中的作用有科学定位,厘清干部选拔任用中民主的形式和限度。     

构建和谐警民关系的思考

构建和谐警民关系是公安机关“三项建设”中的重要内容,对推动公安工作和队伍建设又好又快发展具有十分深远的意义。认同感、满意度、支持率是衡量警民关系和谐程度的重要标准,公安机关要着力在提高人民群众对公安民警的认同感、对公安工作的满意度、对公安机关的支持率等方面下工夫,积极构建和谐警民关系。     

发达国家与发展中国家在气候变化问题上的交锋——以哥本哈根气候大会为例

迄今为止,《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方大会已举办了15次,但是发达国家与发展中国家在许多议题上都存在着根本性分歧,这在2009年的哥本哈根气候大会上表现得尤为明显。从人类应对气候变化的整体进程来看,哥本哈根会议为未来的国际气候谈判指明了方向,但会上充斥的各种明争暗斗也预示着未来的谈判之路依然艰辛。总之,在未来的全球气候谈判中,各种力量将在竞争中磨合,共同塑造新的气候政治格局。     

国际刑事司法准则与中国刑事司法改革

随着我国融入世界经济贸易体系 ,我国正在逐渐摆脱以专政为核心的刑事司法理念 ,向以人权保障为归依的刑事司法理念演进。在这一过程中 ,引入国际刑事司法准则十分必要 ,其中包括价值上的转换 ,制度上的改革 ,规范上的更新。我们在处理国际刑事司法准则与中国刑事司法改革的关系时 ,必须处理好国际化与本土化、积极与稳妥、引入与融通的关系。     

Device and methods for the measurement of energy transfer in experiments involving thermal and electrical injuries of skin

This work is part of a larger investigation aiming at tracing differences between injuries caused by heat and electricity. Electrodes and heaters similar to the electrodes of an electric cattle baton are used to dissipate approximately 40 joules in 40 seconds in pig skin.Voltages in the range 40–60 volts (AC or DC) are applied via stainless steel electrodes and temperatures in the range 50–100 °C are applied via heaters made of copper wire. Heat transfer is controlled by electronically regulated heaters utilizing the temperature dependence of the heater wire itself as a thermometer.Transfer of electricity takes place from either commerical DC supply, from transformed voltage from the mains or from a sine voltage generator connected to a power amplifier. The energy transfer is in all cases measured by electronic integration of the dissipated power in time. The power supplied to the electrodes or the heaters is found by electronic multiplication of the applied voltage and current.Typical power vs. time curves are presented.     

Public Policy and Social Science Training in Israel: The Impact of Structural Change on the Constitution of Knowledge

Recent reforms instituted in the network of higher education in Israel have focused on two elements: adjusting the managerial structure of the universities to make it more amenable to market criteria of efficiency and reducing the proportional weight of state funding to the universities compared to that allotted to the technical and professional colleges. The main elements of this process—increasing power of managers in academic institutions, shifting universities toward entrepreneurialism, the idea of the service university, and the massification of the system of higher education—are characteristic of similar changes in higher education in the U.K., the U.S.A., Canada, and Australia.This article examines the impact of organizational and structural changes on the categories of knowledge produced, and by extension on the production of knowledge itself. By examining changes in the organization of higher education in Israel and in particular in the social sciences, the article suggests that institutional and academic diversification have influenced the categorization of legitimate knowledge pertaining to society, the economy, and the political arena—the traditional terrain of the social sciences—and hence what is considered knowledge worth knowing about these subjects. Finally, the article points to certain political interests that have motivated this change, and examines their larger impact upon Israeli society.     

Changing patterns in emergency involuntary admissions in the Netherlands in the period 2000-2004

BACKGROUND: In England, rates of involuntary admissions increased in subgroups of patients. It is unknown whether this is true in other European countries. AIMS: To establish whether the increase in emergency commitments was uniform across subgroups of patients and dangerousness criteria used to justify commitment in The Netherlands. METHOD: National data on all commitments in the period 2000-2004. RESULTS: Commitments increased from 40.2 to 46.5 (16%) per 100,000 inhabitants. Controlling for population changes in age and sex, relatively large increases were found in patients over 50 years (25-40% increase), in patients with dementia (59%), 'other organic mental disorders' (40%) and substance abuse (36%). 'Arousing aggression', increased most strongly as a dangerousness criterion for commitment (30%). CONCLUSION: Changing patterns of commitments in The Netherlands and England might indicate a wider European shift in diagnoses and reasons for admission of committed patients.