行政诉讼第三人类型化研究

第三人制度是行政诉讼中的重要制度。由于相关法律规定过于原则模糊,实践中存在的大量第三人缺乏理论的归类,导致了对第三人的研究也浮于表面。对第三人的类型化研究应该建立在第三人范围相对确定的前提上。据此确定行政诉讼第三人资格后,可以围绕第三人制度的目标功能,对第三人类型化。诉讼第三人的分类应采取利害关系和诉讼地位的二元标准,分为独立第三人、准独立第三人和事实关系第三人。     

Analysing and exemplifying forensic conclusion criteria in terms of Bayesian decision theory

There is ongoing discussion in forensic science and the law about the nature of the conclusions reached based on scientific evidence, and on how such conclusions – and conclusion criteria – may be justified by rational argument. Examples, among others, are encountered in fields such as fingermarks (e.g., ‘this fingermark comes from Mr. A's left thumb’), handwriting examinations (e.g., ‘the questioned signature is that of Mr. A’), kinship analyses (e.g., ‘Mr. A is the father of child C’) or anthropology (e.g., ‘these are human remains'). Considerable developments using formal methods of reasoning based on, for example (Bayesian) decision theory, are available in literature, but currently such reference principles are not explicitly used in operational forensic reporting and ensuing decision-making. Moreover, applied examples, illustrating the principles, are scarce. A potential consequence of this in practical proceedings, and hence a cause of concern, is that underlying ingredients of decision criteria (such as losses quantifying the undesirability of adverse decision consequences), are not properly dealt with. There is merit, thus, in pursuing the study and discussion of practical examples, demonstrating that formal decision-theoretic principles are not merely conceptual considerations. Actually, these principles can be shown to underpin practical decision-making procedures and existing legal decision criteria, though often not explicitly apparent as such. In this paper, we will present such examples and discuss their properties from a Bayesian decision-theoretic perspective. We will argue that these are essential concepts for an informed discourse on decision-making across forensic disciplines and the development of a coherent view on this topic. We will also emphasize that these principles are of normative nature in the sense that they provide standards against which actual judgment and decision-making may be compared. Most importantly, these standards are justified independently of peoples' observable decision behaviour, and of whether or not one endorses these formal methods of reasoning.     

德法行政合同制度之比较

行政合同作为一种有效的行政活动方式 ,在世界上的许多国家得到了越来越广泛的应用。通过对德、法两国在行政合同上识别标准、适用范围、权利义务配置、情势变更中的变更和解除、强制执行等一些重要问题进行对比分析 ,揭示了以上两个大陆法系国家在行政合同制度和理论中存在的一些共性和差异 ,并希望以此对行政合同理论研究提供一些国外法上的借鉴     

Europe à la Carte? Swiss Convergence towards European Policy Models in Higher Education and Vocational Education and Training

In the last decade, European education has experienced far‐reaching transformation through the international initiatives of the Bologna process in higher education (HE) and the Copenhagen process in vocational education and training (VET) for enhancing European cooperation. This study investigates the mostly underresearched effects of these initiatives on Switzerland to discern whether Swiss HE and VET policies have converged towards European models, and which mechanisms were influential. It combines research on Europeanization and convergence and uses process‐tracing based on expert interviews and document analysis. Results reveal that Swiss HE policy strongly converged towards the Bologna model, while the development of a partial convergence of VET policy towards the model of the Copenhagen process can be observed. The study demonstrates the impact of domestic politics on shaping Europeanization effects and reconstructs the processes through which the initiatives took effect through transnational communication.     

Inside UN Climate Change Negotiations: The Copenhagen Conference

UN negotiations on climate change entail a fundamental transformation of the global economy and constitute the single most important process in world politics. This is an account of the 2009 Copenhagen summit from the perspective of a government delegate. The article offers a guide to global climate negotiations, tells the story of Copenhagen from behind closed doors, and assesses the current state of global climate governance. It outlines key policy issues under negotiation, the positions and policy preferences of key countries and coalitions, the outcomes of Copenhagen, and achievements and failures in climate negotiations to date. The Copenhagen Accord is a weak agreement designed to mask the political failure of the international community to create a global climate treaty. However, climate policy around the world is making considerable progress. While the UN negotiations process is deadlocked, multilevel climate governance is thriving.     

论共犯关系之脱离

共犯关系脱离是指部分共犯退出共同犯罪后如何评价其罪责问题。尽管各国刑法对共犯关系的脱离都没有明文规定,但大陆法系国家尤其是日本刑法的相关理论和判例已经形成了较为完备的理论学说。分析评价共犯关系脱离的各种学说,研究共犯关系脱离的判断标准以及共犯关系脱离的类型等问题,对于在我国刑法中倡导共犯关系脱离的理论,解决司法实践中存在的此类问题有重大现实意义。     

期待可能性理论合理性及其判断标准的经济分析

期待可能性理论是刑法理论中的一个重要问题,对大陆法系的刑事立法和司法都有着深刻的影响。对期待可能性理论的合理性及其判断标准进行经济分析,是法经济学和具体刑法学理论的结合,有别于传统刑法学研究方法。在运用法律的经济分析方法时,将非理性因素纳入到经济分析中,以弥补传统法经济学分析方法之缺陷。     

Diagnostic criteria for postbullying disorder: A phenomenological research design of bullying victims

This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic criteria for postbullying disorder, which enable the persons who provide therapy services for bullying victims, because until now, there are no criteria to help clinicians diagnose postbullying disorder. This study employed phenomenological research design. Purposive sampling was adopted to sample six university students who are experiencing the bullying behavior from their colleagues in the university campus. The results revealed that there are eight criteria for diagnosing postbullying disorder among victims. These are trauma exposure, symptoms of penetration, avoidance, perception and negative emotions, self‐destructive behavior, dysfunction due to symptoms, duration (1 month or more) of symptoms, and the criteria that the bullying symptoms cannot be attributed to the use of substances or drugs of another medical conditions. Results shed new light on the diagnostic criteria for postbullying disorder and proved the usefulness of these criteria in understanding the development of the postbullying symptoms among victims. These findings enable schools and universities to plan psychotherapy interventions for victims.     

司法类案的判断标准及其运用

该文以司法类案的判断标准为主要研究对象，旨在为法官审理案件时寻找类似案件，进而做到类似案件类似审判提供理论基础与实践参照。判断类似案件的主要标准是争议点相似和关键事实相似；辅助标准是案由和行为后果相似。围绕争议点并借助裁判规则来检视关键事实是判断类案的主要方式。在此基础上，充分发挥类案推送平台，明确案例的效力优先级，是解决类似案件类似审判的技术支持和制度保障。该文以借名买房类案件为例，展示类案的判断标准及其运用，以期促进司法适用之统一。     

论国有企业董事勤勉义务制度的完善

党的十八届三中全会确定了市场化改革的基调,如何进一步完善国有企业现代企业制度,提高国有企业竞争力成为一项重要课题。国有企业董事勤勉义务制度建设存在不少问题,应明确责任内容与认定标准、建立激励与约束机制、完善责任体系等建议,以期为新一轮国有企业改革提供可借鉴的法治化路径。