论当前行政执法失范问题的根源与对策

在21世纪我国社会主义法治国家的实现进程中,公正高效有序的行政执法活动是其至关重要的环节。行政执法失 范问题产生的根源有:行政执法人员的问题、行政执法对象的问题、行政执法氛围的问题、行政执法体制的问题等。解决行政执法 失范问题的对策有:执法队伍的建设、执法体制的完善和监督制约机制的强化等。     

Environmental “Citizen Suits” in the Czech Republic

For several decades citizens of the Czech Republic have endured a severely degraded environment, stemming partially from reportedly lax enforcement of environmental protection laws. During this period, Czech citizens have lacked the right to litigate citizen suits as a means of increasing environmental enforcement and have never initiated civil litigation against a polluter. However, since 1958, Czech citizens have exercised the right to use citizen correspondence as a means of pursuing their legal interests by alerting government agencies to environmental problems. By Czech law, citizen correspondence obligates government agencies to respond to the cited environmental problems. This paper analyzes how environmental authorities responded to citizen correspondence related to water problems (e.g., drinking water contamination) during the years 1988 to 1992. Since responses may include enforcement actions—monetary fines, remediation requirements (i.e., mandatory cleanup), and correction requirements (e.g., replacement of a leaky storage tank), this type of legal action on the part of citizens approximates a citizen suit. By examining enforcement actions taken in response to these citizen suits, this paper is able to test hypotheses regarding the relationships among the three different types of enforcement actions and empirically identify the liability rule guiding each type of enforcement action.     

谈规范执法行为与提高执法质量

提高执法质量必须从规范执法行为入手,因为公安执法行为具有主体特定性、意志单一性、效力先定性以及程序法定性等特征。规范执法行为,提高执法质量必须强化队伍建设以规范执法主体,加强法律监督以规范执法内容,重视办案环节以规范执法程序。     

Lessons from Tuskegee: What Law Enforcement Can Learn from the History of Bioethics

Though Black lives continue to be lost during encounters with law enforcement, we remain far from a policy solution. While leading presidential candidates fail to offer concrete proposals, the recommendations of Campaign Zero appear to have found little traction. Furthermore, we are far from understanding the causes of the disproportionate use of violence against minorities. Faced with a growing crisis, law enforcement would do well to consider professions that have taken successful steps to outgrown their history of racial violence. The medical community’s response to the Tuskegee syphilis experiment is particularly instructive. Much as the medical community responded to a crisis of racial violence by fundamentally reconceptualizing the role of the physician, the time has come for a new ethics of policing that will reshape our understanding of the role of law enforcement.     

执政能力视阈中警察执法能力建设路径分析

警察执法是国家权力的一种制度规定与职能安排,其执法能力与执政能力之间存在着紧密关联.执法的科学化、民主化与法治化,从科学精神、人文关怀与制度保障三个维度为加强警察执法能力建设提供了现实路径与价值标准,必将有利于全方位提升警察的执法能力,从而增强党的执政能力.     

刑法的宪法化原则研究

基于国家的理性治理思想和刑罚权的特别规制需要,刑法的宪法化原则的形成和发展成为历史发展的必然。在西方法治国家中,作为厉行刑事法治所遵循的一个重要准则,刑法的宪法化原则在近现代已经得到广泛的应用。全面、准确地界定它的基本含义,系统、科学地确定它的基本内容,是在刑事法治实践中应用它的重要前提。只有实现刑法的系统宪法化和法治化、宪法的司法化,它才能真正地在刑事法治实践中得到贯彻。     

论行政行为的举证责任

理论界对于举证责任的研究都局限在诉讼领域,其实,行政行为的举证竞任也是一个非常重要的问题。不同的行政行为有着不同的举证责任,应当分别研究。在行政立法中不存在举证责任的问题;依职权的行政执法行为由行政主体承担举证责任,依申请的行政执法行为分别由申请人和行政主体为各自的主张承担举证责任;在裁决行政争议的行政司法行为中,说服责任始终由被申请人承担,推进责任由提出主张的人承担;对民事争议的行政裁决,则实行谁主张谁举证的举证规则。     

警察法治建设面临的挑战与对策

警察法治建设的目标体现在法治的诸多环节之中。警察法治建设作为现代法治国家建设的重要组成部分,在新的形势下面临诸多挑战。当前警察法治建设在警察立法等各方面都存在着突出的问题。加强和改进警察法治建设应确立警察执法的基本原则,最为关键的是确立法律思维方式为警察执法的职业思维方式,其核心是通过程序正义来实现实体正义。     

论警察指挥员的执法作战指挥能力及培养要求

警察指挥员的执法作战指挥能力是影响警察执法活动效能的基本因素之一。其中警察指挥员的作战指挥能力是主观条件,警察执法活动是客观存在,两者互为条件,密切相关。而警察执法活动是复杂的、多方面的,它对警察指挥员的作战指挥能力提出了不同要求,需要具备多种能力,否则警察的执法作战行动就很难展开。因此,警察的各级指挥员必须加强学习和实践锻炼,不断提高执法作战指挥能力,才能胜任现代条件下的警察执法作战指挥的需要。     

依法治国形势下文明执法、公正执法的思考

依法治国是我国的治国方略。依法治国需要以法律的存在为前提,而法律的生命在于执行。“文明执法、公正执法”是确保一方平安,创造和谐社会的保证。要做到“文明执法、公正执法”首先要求我们建立一支具有高尚的职业道德,勤勉的敬业精神,高深的业务能力的执法队伍。同时要对这支队伍的执法工作进行全方位的监督,以确保“文明执法、公正执法”收到令人满意的效果。