Responsiveness and the rules of the game: How disproportionality structures the effects of winning and losing on external efficacy

This paper investigates how casting a winning or losing vote affects perceptions of external efficacy across varying conditions of electoral disproportionality. I find that as a political system's electoral mechanisms become more disproportional—that is, when institutional rules produce an increasingly unequal ratio of votes cast to the percentage of seats won—individuals who voted for losing parties become significantly less efficacious than their winning counterparts. Under these conditions, electoral winners are more likely to perceive that it matters what party is elected, while losers' attitudes about the meaningfulness of electoral representation sour. However, when disproportionality is minimal, no significant difference between winners' and losers' perceptions of external efficacy is observed, suggesting that the winner-loser framework has context-specific utility. I conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings.     

附属刑法相关问题探讨

附属刑法是规定在非刑事法律中的刑法规范,它与刑法典之间的关系主要是补充与被补充、修改与被修改的关系,但它与刑法修正案、单行刑法等修改、补充刑法典的形式相比,具有较好衔接刑事责任与民事责任、行政责任以及节约立法成本的作用。附属刑法有依附型和独立型两种立法模式。对于补充、修改刑法典的附属刑法,只有全国人大及其常委会创制的非刑事法律中才能加以规定。刑法典的总则规范适用于附属刑法,除非附属刑法有特别规定。     

Examining the Construct Validity of the Original and Revised JBS: A Cross-Validation of Sample and Method

Factor analysis is a statistical technique that can provide an understanding of construct validity. Previous research examining the factor structure of the Juror Bias Scale (JBS) has uncovered problems in the scale's assessment of the constructs of probability of commission (PC) and reasonable doubt (RD). We here reevaluate the scale's constructs to better our understanding of the pretrial biases involved in the juror decision-making process. Importantly, previous findings have been limited to college student samples and trial material that has involved rape evidence. This study examines the construct validity of the JBS in a sample of 617 jury-eligible adults drawn from the community, and the predictive validity of the JBS is examined across 3 distinct trial scenarios. The results parallel earlier findings, indicating that although RD is a tenable and useful construct affecting juror decision-making, PC may be a less relevant pretrial bias. We therefore suggest that future research emphasize alternative constructs, such as confidence and cynicism in the criminal justice system.     

论法规批准制度

法规批准制度是指有关主体制定的法规范性文件需经特定主体的批准才能生效的法律制度。现行法规批准制度存在批准范围小、批准程序缺少操作性等不足。完善法规批准制度需合理设置批准范围、完善批准程序等,并对经批准的法规性质进行了法理考察。     

On Correcting Biases in Self-Reports of Age at First Substance Use with Repeated Cross-Section Analysis

Household survey data on age at first use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana,and hard drugs can be biased due to sample selection and inaccuraterecall. One potential concern is attrition, whereby individuals who getinvolved with substance use at an early age become increasingly less likelyto be surveyed in successive years. A comparison of data from the NationalHousehold Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) with data from a longitudinal studysuggested that attrition might have caused substantially less bias thandid forward telescoping, the inflating of age at first useover time. The evidence of forward telescoping was particularly pronouncedwith respect to age at first use of alcohol. This paper presents a procedurefor correcting the distribution of age at first use for forward telescoping(but not attrition) by viewing a portion of the NHSDA data collected insuccessive years as constituting a cohort study. Results are presented fromapplying this procedure with NHSDA data collected from 1982 to 1995 forrespondents born 1968–1973. The findings suggest that preventionprograms need to be introduced at an earlier age than would be indicatedby uncorrected retrospective data. Other implications are alsohighlighted.     

Measurement Properties of the Communities That Care<Superscript>®</Superscript> Youth Survey Across Demographic Groups

Prevention science has produced information about risk and protective factors that predict adolescent drug use and related problem behaviors. This paper investigates the Communities That Care Youth Survey that measures multiple risk and protective factors. Using a sample of 172,628 students who participated in surveys administered in seven states in 1998, analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of these risk and protective factors and to test the equivalence of the factor models across five racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Asians or Pacific Islanders, Caucasians, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans), four grade levels (6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th) and both gender groups. Results support the construct validity of the surveys risk and protective factor scales and indicate that the measures are equally reliable across males and females and five racial/ethnic groups. Implications of these findings for science-based prevention planning are discussed.     

现代资本主义发展的外部环境

现代资本主义发展既需要一系列内部条件 ,也需要一个良好的外部环境 ,如果不能将两者的优势适当地结合起来 ,一个民族就不可能顺利地发展。发达资本主义国家的崛起史就是一部控制外部世界资源 ,尤其是控制海洋的历史。英国和美国在这样的争夺中获得了胜利 ,同时也使自己获得了广阔的发展空间。历史经验表明 ,获得这种空间以及世界竞争游戏规则的制定权对于一个国家的发展至关重要 ,但这种游戏规则不是由所有参与国 ,而是主要由大国制定的 ,所以 ,大国俱乐部逐步成为国际事务的操纵者 ,所谓的国际社会 ,其实只是大国俱乐部的代称 ,直到今天 ,“国际社会”的本质依然如此     

我国判例制度的建立与完善

由于强调知识的创新,强调人的创造力,知识更新加速了,这些都对反垄断法形成冲击,推动反垄断法的发展.有限的判例有效主义可以解决法律规则的抽象与具体生活的变化之间的矛盾,与我国的法律思想与法律传统具有某种相合之处.成文规则的基础地位及其有效性的加强.     

诉讼监督的规范学阐释与重构

重点论述我国检察机关诉讼监督体系的制度现状，以基于这一现状所展开法理研究的梳理评价为切入点，以诉讼监督在刑事立案、侦查、审判活动中的规范效力为出发点，以对法律条文作为一种规范而存在于成文法体系和诉讼活动中所体现的效力属性的分析为基本方法。通过定位检察机关诉讼监督活动作为一种规范在体系中的效力等级，尝试建立一种以法律规范在诉讼体系内进行自我效力定位为核心价值，并通过这种效力等级的区分，以达到对法律监督职能效果有所体现的规范检察学的制度雏形。     

电子通信错误对合同效力的影响

电子交易中往往会产生一些错误,这类错误与自动电文系统密切相关,主要包括两类：人为错误和信息系统产生的差错。对于电子通信中的人为错误问题,我国应参照美国、欧盟等立法,尤其是借鉴UECIC的规定,做出专门规定,自然人在与自动电文系统交易的过程中,允许发生错误的当事人在自动电文系统未向其提供更正错误的机会时撤回电子通信中发生错误的部分。由于问题的复杂性,电子商务的国内和国际立法都没有就信息系统本身出错的后果做出规定,宜由国内法院根据实际情况而提供不同的答案。