The Multiple Streams Framework and the problem broker

John Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) constitutes a powerful tool for understanding the policy process, and more specifically, agenda‐setting, through three separate streams: problems, policies and politics. This article argues that the MSF would benefit from further development of the problem stream. It introduces a clearer conception of agency into the problem stream by suggesting the inclusion of the problem broker. The problem broker is a role in which actors frame conditions as public problems and work to make policy makers accept these frames. The problem broker makes use of knowledge, values and emotions in the framing of problems. The use of these three elements is seen as a prerequisite for successful problem brokering – that is, for establishing a frame in the policy sphere. Other important factors are: persistence, access to policy makers, credibility and willingness. Problem brokers also need to know who to talk to, how and when in order to make an impact. The context, in terms of, for example, audience and national mood, is also crucial. The inclusion of the problem broker into the MSF strengthens the analytical separation between streams. According to Kingdon, policies can be developed independently from problems. The MSF, therefore, enables a study of policy generation. The inclusion of the problem broker, in the same sense, makes it possible to investigate problem framing as a separate process and enables a study of actors that frame problems without making policy suggestions. The MSF is, in its current form, not able to capture what these actors do. The main argument of this article is that it is crucial to study these actors as problem framing affects the work of policy entrepreneurs and, thereby, agenda‐setting and decision making.     

从“权利规范模式”走向“行为控制模式”的数据信托——数据主体权利保护机制构建的另一种思路

单纯通过立法赋予当事人权利并不能改变"强权即正确"的残酷现实。相比于传统赋权模式,信托机制以信义义务实现了数据控制人与数据主体之间权利义务的不均衡配置,通过凸显隐私保护、降低举证难度、提高数据泄露时公民获得救济的机率,保护了数字时代数据主体的脆弱性,进而发挥私法救济的功效,间接促成信托机制在数据保护与责任规则相互作用下的一次完美嬗变。     

中国参与国际气候谈判的立场演变

中国参与国际气候谈判的历程是同期中国整体外交的缩影,其立场演变经历了被动却积极参与、谨慎保守参与以及活跃开放参与三个发展阶段,且每个阶段气候谈判立场的演变都有着内在的决定因素。气候外交作为中国整体外交的一部分,深刻反映了中国外交日趋成熟的发展进程。     

公共管理职能的重建——一个分析框架

重建公共管理职能是当下中国改革和发展的主要任务之一.如何构建与市场经济和民主法治国家相适应的公共管理,这是我国公共管理学界需要关注的问题.首要的任务是确立分析公共管理职能的框架.公共管理的职能体系受到社会价值观、时间、空间、制度、经济社会发展水平、政府能力等诸多因素的约束.关注这些因素对公共管理职能规定的影响是转变和重建公共管理职能过程中的一个重要的认识问题.同时,它也意味着公共管理职能转变和重建是一个动态和权变的过程.公共管理职能实现方式的变革是重建过程的一个主要维度,从单一的行政方式向市场、网络等多种方式转变是当前公共管理变革的关注点之一.     

当代中国的群体性事件:形象地位变迁和分类框架再构

当代中国群体性事件形象地位的变迁有一个过程,它进入公共领域有着结构性原因.以2004年以来发生的典型群体性事件为例,采用一种互斥性更强的分类框架可以将群体性事件分为七类,它们分别是:(1)直接利益相关的原生型集体维权抗争;(2)无直接利益相关的群体泄愤事件;(3)地方政治生态恶化诱致的突发群体性事件;(4)行业集体行动...     

文艺与革命的变奏——毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》刍议

毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》围绕＂文艺与革命＂这一中心命题,阐述了文艺与群众、文艺与生活等一系列理论问题,成为中共指导政治建设、文化建设、伦理建设的纲领性文献,体现出毛泽东哲学认识的特性。作为毛泽东及其党内同志长期思考的产物,《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》成为马克思主义中国化的重要成果。     

浅析国际货币基金组织贷款框架改革

新兴市场国家和发展中国家正面临着全球经济下滑带来的空前压力。在这一背景下，国际货币基金组织宣布对其贷款框架作出重大改革以帮助各国应对危机。分析此次改革的关键要素，并对改革效果进行评析。     

东北亚多边安全机制建设--以朝核问题六方会谈为例

多边主义是一种要求很高的制度形式。达成实质性的多边合作不仅涉及到权力结构、战略互动模式和制度形式等因素,更需要共同利益和集体身份。东北亚地区面临严重的传统安全和日益突出的非传统安全问题,建立合作安全型的多边安全合作机制迫在眉睫。以朝核问题六方会谈为基础建设东北亚多边安全机制既存在机遇又面临挑战。     

Challenges and Outcomes at the Ninth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

From 1 to 12 December 2003, the Ninth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention took place in Milan, Italy. This conference continued the laborious effort of developing an international climate regime by preparing for the Kyoto Protocol’s entry into force. Some two dozen decisions were adopted on a wide range of options for responding to climate change. This paper assesses the progress achieved at the conference on a number of issues. Among these were operational details for implementing forestry projects under the Convention’s Clean Development Mechanism, and guidelines for reporting on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and land-use change. Parties also decided on rules with respect to two funds, the Special Climate Change Fund and the Least Developed Country Fund. With respect to developing countries, Parties continued discussions on rules for building response capacity in light of the expected adverse effects of climate change and transferring environmentally sound technology. They also discussed how to incorporate scientific advice from the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change into the negotiations. Although Russia did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol prior to the conference, Milan demonstrated momentum and interest among Parties to support the climate regime. Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether the detailed discussions were able to contribute to preparing for the long term. To this end, this paper concludes that more discussion and leadership is required to bridge the North/South gap if a post-2012 climate regime is to stand.     

中国-东盟自由贸易区投资制度安排模式探讨

建立投资领域的制度安排对中国-东盟贸易区的建设意义重大。中国和东盟相互投资日益增长,各国的投资政策相应改善,但投资环境仍不理想。CAFTA下现有的投资制度包括中国与东盟各国的双边投资协定,CAFTA的协议和各国共同参加的世界性投资公约,但对构建CAFTA的投资法律体系远远不够。CAFTA的投资制度安排的模式可以采取多边协议、分层次的双边协议、各投资专题的多边协议的叠加等模式,各种模式都具有一定的可行性和障碍,中国应当积极推进CAFTA投资法律制度的建立,并做好前期准备工作。