Friendly neighbor or Trojan Horse? Assessing the interaction of soft law initiatives and the UN climate regime

Current global climate governance is characterized by increasing institutional proliferation. Within the last 5 years several non-legally binding initiatives have emerged, including (i) the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate and various other public–private partnerships working on the policy implementation level and (ii) the Group of Eight Gleneagles Dialogue on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, and Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security and Climate Change as high-level political processes. As a first step toward analyzing the relationship between these parallel initiatives and the UN climate regime, this article looks at the negotiations of four UN-hosted climate meetings in 2007–2008, providing an examination of the interaction of ‘soft law’ climate initiatives and the ‘hard law’ UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol process. The methodology of the study is based on participatory observations in the negotiations and document analysis of country and stakeholder positions. The analysis shows that the current multitude of processes in global climate governance entails potential institutional interaction. Deliberations of the key actors give some support to the claims of non-UN soft law being used to exert influence on the negotiations on a future climate regime within the UN context.

The genetics of eye colours in an Italian population measured with an objective method for eye colour quantification

Brown and blue eye colours are primarily explained by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) HERC2 rs12913832. However, the genetics of eye colours that appear to be neither blue nor brown are not well understood. In this study, 230 unrelated Italian individuals were typed for 32 SNP loci in pigmentary genes. High resolution digital images of the participants’ eyes were taken and the iris region was successfully extracted with the use of the custom designed software Digital Iris Analysis Tool (DIAT) from 218 of the 230 (95%) images. The software counted the numbers of blue and brown pixels in the iris region and calculated a Pixel Index of the Eye (PIE-score) that described the eye colours quantitatively. The PIE-score ranged from −1 to 1 (brown to blue). We investigated the association of the PIE-scores extracted from the eye images with the genotypes of the 32 pigmentary SNPs. We observed a statistically significant association between the PIE-scores and the SNP loci rs12913832, rs4778241, rs7495174 in the HERC2/OCA2 region and the locus rs16891982 in SLC45A2.     

Mutational analysis of TTN,TCAP and TPM1 in cardiomyopathy

Resent molecular genetic study revealed that defects in sarcomeric genes causes cardiomyopathies. Comprehensive screening of 3 sarcomeric genes: TTN (titin), TCAP (telethonin) and TPM1 (alpha-tropomyosin) were performed in 35 consented autopsy cases diagnosed as cardiomyopathy. One nonsynonymous mutation p.Val9710Ile detected in TTN, which located on binding region to cardiac ankyrin repeat protein was found in one DCM case. It was suggested that the mutation might alter interaction of the Z-disc components and caused cardiomyopathy. A single nucleotide polymorphism p.Ala151= found in TCAP had significant differences in gene frequency between DCM and control cases. It is necessary to analyze the other sarcomeric genes and clarify the relationship with aetiology.     

混合样本拆分查询犯罪嫌疑人的应用研究

目的对一起杀人案中的混合样本进行拆分,期望获得嫌疑人的单-分型,以便于DNA数据库检索查询。方法采用专家人工拆分和图挖掘拆分对混合样本进行拆分,结果入“DNA快速协查比对平台”检索。结果2种方法先后比中数据库中同一前科人员。结论对2人份混合样本进行拆分,在DNA数据库中直接查找犯罪嫌疑人,是一种新的办案思路。     

马动脉炎病毒膜蛋白基因截短型的克隆及其在大肠埃希氏菌中的表达

根据马动脉炎病毒膜蛋白(M)的核苷酸序列,设计合成了 1 对引物,从 pUC 18 M质粒中扩增出截短的膜蛋白M基因片段。对该片段及 pGEX 6P 1 载体双酶切并连接,成功构建了原核表达载体pGEX 6P Mt。将此重组质粒转化BL21(DE3)宿主菌,对培养条件及诱导表达条件等影响表达的因素进行了优化;诱导后菌体裂解物经 SDS PAGE分析发现,在约 34 ku处出现了 1条特异性的蛋白条带,其分子质量与预期的M截短蛋白的分子质量相符,并随着诱导时间的延长而变化,在诱导后4 h达到高峰。结果表明,膜蛋白 M基因截短型在大肠埃希氏菌中得到了高效表达。     

大肠埃希氏菌和沙门菌氨基糖苷耐药基因PCR检测方法的建立

采用平板稀释法,选用氨基糖苷类药物链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素和新霉素对22 株猪、鸡大肠埃希氏菌和30株猪、鸡沙门菌进行了药敏试验。结果显示,在4种药物中大肠埃希氏菌对卡那霉素的耐药率最高,达81.8%,而沙门菌则对链霉素的耐药率最高,达60%,两类细菌都对新霉素的耐药率最低。设计了5对引物,对耐药基因aph(3′) Ⅱ、aadA1、aadA2、aadB和aac(3) Ⅰa进行了扩增,获得的基因片段与预期的大小一致;序列分析表明,扩增产物与GenBank中的相应序列有很高的同源性(>99.8%)。采用建立的PCR技术,对22株猪、鸡大肠埃希氏菌和30 株猪、鸡沙门菌的耐药基因进行了检测,证实耐药基因普遍存在,在大肠埃希氏菌中aadA1 基因的检出率最高(12/22),在沙门菌中aph(3′) Ⅱ基因的检出率最高(18/30),在所有的菌株中都未能检测出aac(3) Ⅰa基因。     

可控细胞膜孔形成蛋白基因的克隆与表达

根据Wood 4 6株金黄色葡萄球菌α溶血素 (α HL)基因序列设计了引物 ,用高保真PCR从 180 0株金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA中扩增出了 0 .9kb的α HL基因 ,序列测定结果显示 ,两菌株α HL基因的核苷酸序列有 6个碱基差异 ,但仅引起 1个氨基酸替换。用PCR分段克隆和定点突变技术将大肠埃希氏菌外膜蛋白A信号肽序列与α HL编码区融合 ,并将其第 130～ 134位氨基酸替换为 5个连续的组氨酸 ,获得的融合基因命名为H5基因。将其克隆入 pET 30a质粒 ,用获得的重组质粒pET H5转化感受态大肠埃希氏菌 ,获得分泌性表达H5的重组菌。经IPTG诱导后 ,重组菌表达出分子质量为 35ku的H5蛋白。经镍柱亲和层析纯化的H5对兔红细胞的半数溶血值为 180ng/mL ,能使鼠成纤维细胞PA317获得对台盼蓝和海藻糖的通透性 ,且能被Zn2 抑制。提示 ,表达的H5蛋白为可控细胞膜孔形成蛋白 ,能用作真核细胞内玻璃态保存的渗透剂     

牛分枝杆菌Ag85A基因的克隆及序列分析

以牛分枝杆菌Vallee111染色体DNA为模板 ,以Ag85A成熟蛋白基因特异性引物进行PCR扩增 ,获得了 90 0bp的DNA片段。通过T A克隆技术 ,将PCR产物克隆至pGEM T载体。经鉴定 ,成功地构建出了克隆载体pGEM T 85A。     

鸡传染性支气管炎北京地方株S_1基因的克隆与鉴定

利用反转录套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴｎｅｓｔｅｄＰＣＲ）技术从北京地区３株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）分离株（ＢＪ１,ＢＪ２,ＢＪ３）中扩增出１０５４ｂｐＳ１基因高变区。利用限制性内切酶ＳｉｎⅠ和ＰｓｔⅠ的酶切位点分析图谱进一步证实了ＲＴｎｅｓｔｅｄＰＣＲ的特异性。将３段Ｓ１基因分别克隆到ｐＵＣ１９质粒中,获得重组质粒ｐＵＣＩＢＶＳ１ＢＪ１,ｐＵＣＩＢＶＳ１ＢＪ２和ｐＵＣＩＢＶＳ１ＢＪ３。     

氯化锰对鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡及Bak和Bcl-x基因表达的影响

为探讨氯化锰(MnCl2)对鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡及Bak、Bcl-X基因mRNA表达的影响,取对数生长期鸡支持-生精细胞,用含0、2、3、4 mmol/L MnCl2的培养液培养24 h,采用原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记法(TUNEL)检测鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡,采用实时定量PCR检测Bak、Bcl-x基因mRNA的表达量.结果显示,MnCl2处理组细胞与对照组相比,鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡指数逐渐升高(P<0.01);Bak基因的表达量上调(P<0.01),Bcl-X基因的表达量下降(P<0.01).说明MnCl2可通过改变Bak、Bcl-X基因mRNA表达量导致鸡支持-生精细胞发生凋亡.