零工经济崛起与零工劳动者权益保护 ——来自美国《加州零工经济法》的启示

与传统的全职工作相比,零工工作具有灵活性强、限制少、效率高等特点,因而零工经济对于劳动者、企业、政府都具有积极意义。但是目前迫切需要解决的是零工劳动者的身份界定问题,这关系到其合法权益的保障。2020年1月1日生效的美国《加州零工经济法》将过去用来区分零工劳动者究竟是雇员还是独立承揽人的Borello检验标准改为ABC检验标准。新标准的实施有利于认定零工劳动者为雇员,从而有效地保护了劳动者权益,对我国未来给予零工劳动者明确的法律保障具有较强的借鉴价值。     

Local Renewable Energy Initiatives in Germany and Japan in a Changing National Policy Environment

Our article explores the contribution of local initiatives to the creation of path dependencies for energy transition in Germany and Japan in the face of resistance from entrenched incumbents at the national level. We use a process‐tracing methodology based partly on interviews with local participants. In particular, we explore the role of local initiatives in securing “socio‐political space” for the expansion of renewable energy (RE) and in embedding themselves in “ecosystems” of public and private institutions. German energy activists were more successful than their Japanese counterparts in expanding this space and creating positive feedback in part because they were able to build horizontal networks that anchored the energy transition firmly in local communities. Although problems with grid technology have led to retrenchment in both cases, Japanese activists' reliance on vertical networks has limited their ability to weather a backlash from national government and utility actors. Our study demonstrates the interaction of political, economic/technological, and legitimation paths to energy transition and highlights the importance of the latter two.     

Senior Executives' Political Connections and Corporate Environmental Behavior—Empirical Research From the Chinese A‐Share Market

This thesis analyzed the cross‐section data of 630 non‐financial listed enterprises and adopts a logit model to estimate the relationships between political relations and corporate environmental behavior. The paper also adopts an ordered logit method to estimate the marginal impact of political connections to enterprises’ disclosure of information on environment and sustainable development. Through analysis, this thesis found that political connections lower the probability for enterprises to disclose information on environment and sustainable development. With the Level III scoring method, this article classified the performances of disclosing corporate environmental information into three levels. It is found that corporate political connections increase the probability for enterprises not to disclose any environmental information and lower the probability for enterprises to refer to GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines.     

A Song of Policy Incongruence: The Missing Choir of Consumer Preferences in GMO‐Labeling Policy Outcomes

This article focuses on the degree of policy congruence, and by extension policy responsiveness, of U.S. federal‐ and state‐level GMO labeling laws from 2011–2016. Utilizing consumer survey data, evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates consumers prefer clear text‐based indication if food products contain genetically modified ingredients. However, the federal law adopted in 2016 mandates GMO labeling but with exceptions permitted to clear on‐package text labeling. The results of this study demonstrate that consumer preferences were not adequately represented at the federal level and were misaligned with state policy activities as captured in the aggregate outcome. State legislatures were actively proposing mandatory legislation with only a few cases of success, which did not adequately represent the wishes of the people. Given the misalignment and overall policy incongruence, the consequences of pending federal law are discussed in light of why the voices of the consumer choir were not heard by lawmakers.     

Institutions and Morality Policy in Western Democracies

This article investigates whether different political institutions such as executives, legislatures, parties, party systems, judiciaries, decentralization, constitutionalism, and referendums across 24 Western democracies are venues for debate across five individual morality policies. Using data since 1945, the article compares three theories of morality policy—(1) Policy Type leading to different institutional venues; (2) Two Worlds of religious/secular party systems; and (3) U.S./European exceptionalism. In order, the most frequently debated issues are abortion, same sex marriage, euthanasia, stem cells/assisted reproductive technology (ART), and capital punishment. There is considerable variation in the institutions and country groups that debate them although fewer differences in the Two Worlds model. Abortion, euthanasia, and same sex marriage are the most convergent issues across institutions, party systems, and country groupings while capital punishment and stem cells/ART show the most diverse patterns of deliberation. The general Policy Type model of morality policy is upheld, but varies institutionally by specific issues. The Two Worlds model is of some importance, but only on three issues. There also are regional differences between the United States, Europe, and non‐European democracies.     

Mutual and Self Perceptions of Opposing Advocacy Coalitions: Devil Shift and Angel Shift in a German Policy Subsystem

In political conflicts, actors tend to assume that opponents behave maliciously. This phenomena is part of the “devil shift,” which was introduced in advocacy coalition framework research. We present a multivariate analysis of the perceptions of motives and actions of opposing coalitions in a political conflict and thereby analyze a major dimension of the “devil shift” and of its antonym “angel shift.” The conflict concerning the German infrastructure project Stuttgart 21 serves as a case study. We show that the radicalness of policy‐specific beliefs is the most important predictor for the intensity of mutual misperception in the researched conflict. The results further point to a more systematic inclusion of an actor's deep normative core beliefs in future analyses of distorted perception. Another central finding relates to the importance of the personal environment: actors in the subsystem share the same policy core beliefs with the majority of people in their personal environment.     

缺失信号肽和跨膜区的PRRSV GP5融合蛋白基因的表达

通过分析猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)HH08株GP5基因序列,设计了2对引物,经PCR扩增,获得不含信号肽和跨膜功能区的GP5基因片段,长度分别为121 bp和248 bp。应用酶切位点相连构建融合基因技术,将2段基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-30a(+)中,获得重组表达质粒pET-GP5。将重组质粒转入大肠杆菌,经IPTG诱导后获得高效表达。免疫印迹试验证实,表达的融合蛋白能与特异性血清抗体反应,表明表达的PRRSV GP5蛋白具有良好的生物学活性。     

Einschreiten eines ausländischen Rechtsanwalts ohne Einvernehmensanwalt / Verbesserungsverfahren

Nach § 5 Abs 1 EIRAG dürfen in Verfahren, in denen sich die Partei durch einen Rechtsanwalt vertreten lassen oder ein Verteidiger beigezogen werden muss, dienstleistende europ?ische Rechtsanw?lte als Vertreter oder Verteidiger einer Partei nur im Einvernehmen mit einem in die Liste der Rechtsanw?lte einer ?sterreichischen Rechtsanwaltskammer eingetragenen Rechtsanwalt (Einvernehmensanwalt) handeln. Nach Abs 2 dieser Gesetzesstelle ist das Einvernehmen bei der ersten Verfahrenshandlung gegenüber dem Gericht schriftlich nachzuweisen. Verfahrenshandlungen, für die der Nachweis des Einvernehmens im Zeitpunkt ihrer Vornahme nicht vorliegt, gelten als nicht von einem Rechtsanwalt vorgenommen. Das Fehlen des Nachweises eines Einvernehmens ist ein der Verbesserung zug?ngliches Formgebrechen.     

Zweifelhafte Aussagebereitschaft eines entschlagungsberechtigten Zeugen

Erachtet das Gericht die (zul?ssigerweise) vor der HV abgegebene Entschlagungserkl?rung eines Zeugen für nicht unmissverst?ndlich oder endgültig oder werden im Antrag auf Vernehmung des Zeugen Anhaltspunkte vorgebracht, welche dessen nunmehrige Aussagebereitschaft plausibel erscheinen lassen, hat deren Abkl?rung in der HV zu erfolgen. Geschieht dies nicht, schl?gt jeder Zweifel am Inhalt der Erkl?rung zu Gunsten eines Entschlagungsverzichts aus, was zu einer Nichtigkeit des Urteils gem Z 5a des § 281 Abs 1 StPO führen kann.