Unterschied zwischen einem gegenüber § 32 Abs 1 WEG 2002 abweichenden Aufteilungsschlüssel gemeinschaftlicher Aufwendungen und von der WE-Liegenschaft abweichenden Abrechnungseinheiten

Ma?stab für die nach § 32 Abs 5 WEG 2002 erheblich unterschiedlichen Nutzungsm?glichkeiten sind ausschlie?lich objektive und nicht subjektive Kriterien, wobei die tats?chliche Nutzung (anstelle der Nutzungsm?glichkeiten) ebenso unerheblich ist wie ein einseitig von einem Wohnungseigentümer erkl?rter Verzicht auf die konkrete Nutzung (hier: einer gemeinschaftlichen Pellets- statt einer stillgelegten Solarheizanlage). Die ?nderung des gesetzlichen Aufteilungsschlüssels gemeinschaftlicher Liegenschaftsaufwendungen durch Au?erstreitrichterbeschluss nach § 32 Abs 5 ist von der Festsetzung neuer, von der WE-Liegenschaft abweichender Abrechnungseinheiten gem § 32 Abs 6 WEG 2002 zu unterscheiden: Im zweiten Fall wird die einheitliche Abrechnungseinheit der WE-Liegenschaft so unterteilt, dass für jede abweichende Einheit eigene Abrechnungen – unter Umst?nden auch mit einem Aufteilungsschlüssel, der vom gesetzlichen iSd Abs 1 abweicht – zu legen sind.     

Kollisionsrechtliche Behandlung der Einzelanfechtung

Für die kollisionsrechtliche Behandlung der Einzelanfechtung gibt es keine in ?sterreich anwendbaren Rechtsquellen des V?lker- oder Gemeinschaftsrechts. Auch das aus diesem Grund ma?gebliche IPRG enth?lt keine ausdrückliche Regelung. Nach § 1 IPRG ist daher jene Rechtsordnung zu ermitteln, zu der die st?rkste Beziehung besteht. Für das Entstehen eines Anfechtungsanspruches ist nach materiellem Recht entscheidend, dass eine Verm?gensverschiebung zu Lasten des Gl?ubigers bewirkt wurde. Dieser materiellrechtlichen Wertung entspricht die kollisionsrechtliche Anknüpfung an der Wirkung der Rechtshandlung für den Gl?ubiger. Rück- und Weiterverweisungen sind beachtlich     

Genehmigung der anwaltlichen Tätigkeit eines Vorstandsmitglieds für die Privatstiftung

Die Vereinbarung zwischen einer Privatstiftung und deren Vorstandsmitglied über laufende anwaltliche T?tigkeiten für die Stiftung, deren Entlohnung durch die AHR nach oben begrenzt sein soll, ist nach § 17 Abs 5 PSG genehmigungsf?hig.     

柔嫩艾美球虫间接ELISA检测方法的建立

将已构建的原核表达载体pET Mzp5 7在大肠埃希氏菌中诱导表达 ,以融合重组蛋白为包被抗原 ,以HRP标记的鼠抗鸡IgG为二抗 ,建立了检测柔嫩艾美球虫抗体的间接ELISA方法。经筛选 ,该方法的最佳反应条件是 :λMzp5 7重组蛋白最佳包被量为 1.0 μg/孔 ,10 0mL/L胎牛血清封闭 ,二抗的最佳工作浓度为 1∶16 0 ,用正常大肠埃希氏菌裂解上清液稀释待检血清。结果表明 ,建立的间接ELISA方法可用于监测柔嫩艾美球虫抗体 ,且具有快速、简便、成本低等优点     

When Is Science Used in Science Policy? Examining the Importance of Scientific and Technical Information in National Research Council Reports

A frequent lament among researchers is that public policy makers should pay more attention to scientific and technical information (STI). If there is any single area where one might expect STI to be used in public policy making and agenda setting it is in science and technology policy. Many of the policy makers in science and technology policy are themselves scientists or researchers and presumably would prove especially receptive to STI. However, STI is only one of many types of information used in policy making and policy actors often differ in the extent to which they view STI as credible, particularly compared to other types of potentially policy‐relevant information. Research on credibility (the believability of information, information types, and media) has shown variance and policy makers’ “credibility maps.” Thus, some policy makers have preference for formal information generally and STI specifically, but others privilege raw data, personal experience, authority, history and anecdote, analogical reasoning, or conformance to ideology, to name just a few of the information choices. Here, we build on the current researchers’ previous bibliometrics‐based work and use data from 41 semi‐structured elite interviews with National Research Council (NRC) executives and staff and NRC committee members concerning the use of STI in reports issued by the NRC. Findings show that the use of STI in NRC reports varies according to the nature of the inquiry and the sponsor. Information used in the reports is based on not only the assessed credibility of information but also its perceived direct relevance and the availability of STI as compared to other types of information. In general, the amount of STI in the NRC reports tends to have modest effects on the likelihood that reports will be used in policy making or by the mass media. More important factors include the timing of the report with respect to political agendas, the party requesting the report, and the enacted roles of NRC staff members and committee chairs.     

Politics,Science, and Termination: A Case Study of Water Fluoridation Policy in Calgary in 2011

Policy termination is identified as a rare occurrence and thus difficult to study. However, one policy area, community water fluoridation, has seen an apparent increase in termination in recent years. We examine the specific case of termination in Calgary, Alberta in 2011 with a specific goal to apply Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach to the policy termination framework. Our findings suggest that of key importance for the termination of water fluoridation was the impending need for an upgrade to the fluoridation infrastructure, the effectiveness of the local anti‐fluoridation activists, the speed of decision making, and a prominent framing of the issue in ethical terms. The opening of a policy window made possible by the 2010 Calgary municipal election, one that introduced a number of new members to council, as well as the presence of a policy entrepreneur who took advantage of the window's opening, were of specific importance to the success of policy termination.     

Censors Get Smart: Evidence from Psiphon in Iran

Information controls are actions intended to deny, disrupt, monitor, or secure information for political ends. They can be implemented using a wide variety of technical and nontechnical means. Political contests over the control of information are heightened around important events, such as major anniversaries, armed conflicts, protests, and elections. In this paper, we offer a comparative case study of online censorship of the circumvention tool Psiphon during the Iranian elections in 2016 and 2013, drawing on unique access to analytics data from Psiphon. We find that the Iranian regime developed its censorship approach in two ways, deploying blocking that was more targeted and strategically timed in the more recent case. Evidence suggests that the regime relaxed censorship of Psiphon during the official campaign period for the 2016 election. The apparent objective of this new approach was to control access to information while minimizing the political consequences of doing so.     

Big Data and Dahl’s Challenge of Democratic Governance

Big data applications have been acclaimed as potentially transformative for the public sector. But, despite this acclaim, most theory of big data is narrowly focused around technocratic goals. The conceptual frameworks that situate big data within democratic governance systems recognizing the role of citizens are still missing. This paper explores the democratic governance impacts of big data in three policy areas using Robert Dahl’s dimensions of control and autonomy. Key impacts and potential tensions are highlighted. There is evidence of impacts on both dimensions, but the dimensions conflict as well as align in notable ways and focused policy efforts will be needed to find a balance.     

Technology Innovation as a Response to Climate Change: The Case of the Climate Change Emissions Management Corporation of Alberta

Innovation is the central element of climate change policy in many jurisdictions. Reduced to technology development and linked to market‐driven priorities, innovation accommodates the interests of large emitters in the energy sector and underpins a sustainable development discourse that denies ecological limits to economic growth. This study examines the use of innovation as a key component of climate change policy in the case of Alberta's Climate Change Emissions Management Corporation, utilizing a political economy approach to explain the drivers of government funding priorities. An analysis of this technology fund's investments over nine years, under two different governments, revealed that nearly half of the revenue has been used to subsidize R&D in the fossil fuels industry in the name of clean energy development, and that this priority has continued despite recent government commitments under the Paris CoP agreement. The carbon levy system that generates revenue for the fund has been unsuccessful in incentivizing facility reductions, pointing to the need for more stringent regulation. Innovation as a framework for transition to a post‐carbon economy is severely limited by its exclusion of the roles of social knowledge and citizen participation in envisaging and designing paths for change.