Strategising prevention: a critical review of local initiatives to prevent female sex trafficking

This article reviews prevention strategies initiated and implemented by NGOs across the globe to address female sex trafficking. It sets out the conceptual bases for anti-trafficking measures in general, and prevention measures in particular, before presenting a representative cross-section of programmes and approaches that are currently underway. The authors identify some of the gaps apparent in these responses, and offer recommendations to improve the implementation of prevention strategies. The article concludes that anti-trafficking prevention measures must be skilfully integrated into current community-development practices, and that for this reason local and global development planners must become more aware of this issue and the strategic actions necessary to address it.     

Enacting multi-layered citizenship: Turkey’s Armenians’ struggle for justice and equality

Throughout the history of the Turkish Republic, Turkey’s Armenians have been subjected to a trade-off between the limited minority rights granted by the 1923 Lausanne Treaty and equal national citizenship. Traditionally a closed, depoliticized community, the citizenship practices of the Armenian minority have become increasingly differentiated in recent years. Building on a notion of citizenship as multi-layered and constituted through collective practice, this article investigates the implications of the political acts of Turkey’s Armenian minority on sub-national and national citizenship in Turkey. We show that Turkey’s Armenians are coupling rights demands, identification, normative references, and mobilization at the sub-national, national, and transnational levels in innovative ways, and are thereby negotiating different layers of citizenship in Turkey in a way that strengthens equal national citizenship.     

Potential through paradox: indigenous rights as human rights

This paper takes the ratification of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as its departure point. Reactions to the Declaration have thus far been mixed. According to advocates, these events signal ‘a new consensus’ that brings ‘to an end the nation states’ history of oppression of indigenous peoples’. According to critics, however, we have uncritically assumed an alliance between human rights and Aboriginal rights initiatives. This paper draws on these conflicting accounts, the theories of Rancière, and a discussion of a current Canadian court case to offer an assessment of the political possibilities of the UN declaration. Overall we argue that the value of the Declaration rests on our interpretation of the political process by which these rights are enacted. The possibilities of rights-based politics are always contextually dependent. In some instances a human rights frame can represent radical repositionings and rearticulations while at the same time always risking the possibility of co-optation. The acts of politics, in particular acts of dissensus, are the key factors that will impact whether the Rights of Indigenous Peoples lead to transformation or to the reinforcement of the status quo.     

‘We are Jamaicans:’ living with and challenging the criminalization of homosexuality in Jamaica

Today, some 80 countries around the world have legislation criminalizing homosexuality, while those who engage in same-sex relations risk mob violence resulting from cultural intolerance. Despite this, gay rights advocacy within these countries exists. This paper examines gay rights advocacy in Jamaica – a nation which criminalizes same-sex relations and which has been identified by observers as among the most intolerant of same-sex relations. Using interviews with gay rights activists working with Jamaica’s leading gay rights organization, this paper describes the gay rights movement in a climate of repression. It begins with an overview of Jamaican sexual values, tracing its condemnation of homosexuality to a history of plantation slavery. Next, it discusses the emergence of a gay pride movement and the development of a broad-based association for all sexual orientations and identities. Finally, it examines the advocacy and activism of the Jamaican Forum for Lesbians, All-Sexuals, and Gays, a voice for Jamaica’s lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered community. Throughout, the paper reveals how even an oppressed identity may find a voice and thrive despite the greatest of legal and cultural challenges.     

同业监督法律制度建构:正当性、属性及其边界

同业监督克服了产品信息不对称障碍,对于保护消费者合法权益、维护市场竞争秩序、提高产品质量水平有着独特作用,这是建构产品质量同业监督法律制度的正当性基础。我国法确立了产品质量国家监督、消费者监督和社会监督三元监督体系。无论是从宪法渊源看还是从法律渊源看,我国并未明确肯定同业监督,亦未明确禁止同业监督,而是将其蕴含在社会监督之中。同业监督权不属于国家公权,亦不属于企业私权,而是属于社会性权利。同业监督权极易被滥用并异化为商业诋毁手段,从而危害市场竞争秩序。我国要通过法律制度创新明确同业监督的合法性,通过修改我国《产品质量法》、我国《反不正当竞争法》、我国《消费者权益保护法》构建同业监督规范体系。     

Therapists Behind Bars: Criminalizing Gay‐to‐Straight Conversion Therapy

Conversion therapy is a practice used to “change” an individual's sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. Parents who expose their child to conversion therapy drastically increase the child's likelihood of developing anxiety, depression and self‐destructive behavior. Currently, 18 states ban mental health professionals from conducting conversion therapy. However, in those states, if a mental health professional conducts the therapy, the penalty is only a relatively small fine for unprofessional conduct. Additionally, to report their therapist, victims must file a complaint, which poses difficulties for minors. This Note proposes a criminal statute for mental health professionals who conduct conversion therapy.     

我国动产浮动抵押制度之检讨与完善——评《物权法》第181、189条

《物权法》创设了许多新制度,动产浮动抵押就是其中的一项重大举措。但《物权法》第181、189条对我国动产浮动抵押制度的相关立法规定却需要检讨,主要在于：末限制浮动抵押设立的主体、局限了浮动抵押标的物的范围、未明确规定浮动抵押的运行及其实现。为此,有必要对浮动抵押制度中的抵押人加以限制、浮动抵押标的物范围予以扩大、在法律上赋予抵押权入相应的权利,以及明确优先权次序。     

论人权的国际保护界限

当前,人权保护已被普遍地接受为一项国际法原则。探究人权国际保护的合理内涵,分析人权国际保护的必要性,试以人权的国际保护界限为视角,从基础理论和基本结构两个层面,分别介绍人权国际保护的原则和构成要件。     

Managing rural landscapes in the context of a changing climate

Global competition for natural resources is intense and the supply of those resources is increasingly more constrained by climate variability and change. Governments and international development agencies have the dual responsibility to meet the socio-economic needs of the poorest and most vulnerable people while preserving and enhancing their natural capital. These responsibilities often are at odds with each other and different stakeholder groups have prioritised one over the other. This paper suggests that the landscape approach provides a solution for stakeholders to achieve climate change mitigation, adaptation, and poverty reduction goals, though not without some trade-offs.